introduction
Malaysia Indonesia
Background During the late 18th and 19th
centuries, Great Britain
established colonies and
protectorates in the area of
current Malaysia; these were
occupied by Japan from 1942 to
1945. In 1948, the British-ruled
territories on the Malay
Peninsula except Singapore
formed the Federation of
Malaya, which became
independent in 1957. Malaysia
was formed in 1963 when the
former British colonies of
Singapore, as well as Sabah and
Sarawak on the northern coast
of Borneo, joined the
Federation. The first several
years of the country's
independence were marred by a
communist insurgency,
Indonesian confrontation with
Malaysia, Philippine claims to
Sabah, and Singapore's
withdrawal in 1965. During the
22-year term of Prime Minister
MAHATHIR bin Mohamad
(1981-2003), Malaysia was
successful in diversifying its
economy from dependence on
exports of raw materials to the
development of manufacturing,
services, and tourism. Prime
Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin
Abdul Razak (in office since
April 2009) has continued these
pro-business policies.
"The Dutch began to colonize
Indonesia in the early 17th
century; Japan occupied the
islands from 1942 to 1945.
Indonesia declared its
independence shortly before
Japan's surrender, but it required
four years of sometimes brutal
fighting, intermittent
negotiations, and UN mediation
before the Netherlands agreed to
transfer sovereignty in 1949. A
period of sometimes unruly
parliamentary democracy ended
in 1957 when President
SOEKARNO declared martial
law and instituted ""Guided
Democracy."" After an abortive
coup in 1965 by alleged
communist sympathizers,
SOEKARNO was gradually
eased from power. From 1967
until 1998, President SUHARTO
ruled Indonesia with his ""New
Order"" government. After street
protests toppled SUHARTO in
1998, free and fair legislative
elections took place in 1999.
Indonesia is now the world's third
most populous democracy, the
world's largest archipelagic state,
and the world's largest Muslim-
majority nation. Current issues
include: alleviating poverty,
improving education, preventing
terrorism, consolidating
democracy after four decades of
authoritarianism, implementing
economic and financial reforms,
stemming corruption, reforming
the criminal justice system,
Malaysia Indonesia
addressing climate change, and
controlling infectious diseases,
particularly those of global and
regional importance. In 2005,
Indonesia reached a historic
peace agreement with armed
separatists in Aceh, which led to
democratic elections in Aceh in
December 2006. Indonesia
continues to face low intensity
armed resistance in Papua by the
separatist Free Papua Movement.
"
Geography
Malaysia Indonesia
Location Southeastern Asia, peninsula
bordering Thailand and
northern one-third of the
island of Borneo, bordering
Indonesia, Brunei, and the
South China Sea, south of
Vietnam
Southeastern Asia, archipelago
between the Indian Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean
Geographic
coordinates
2 30 N, 112 30 E 5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map
references
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia
Area total: 329,847 sq km
land: 328,657 sq km
water: 1,190 sq km
total: 1,904,569 sq km
land: 1,811,569 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
Area -
comparative
slightly larger than New
Mexico
slightly less than three times the
size of Texas
Land
boundaries
total: 2,742 km
border countries
(3): Brunei 266 km,
total: 2,958 km
border countries (3): Malaysia
Malaysia Indonesia
Indonesia 1,881 km,
Thailand 595 km
1,881 km, Papua New Guinea 824
km, Timor-Leste 253 km
Coastline 4,675 km (Peninsular
Malaysia 2,068 km, East
Malaysia 2,607 km)
54,716 km
Maritime
claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic
zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m
depth or to the depth of
exploitation; specified
boundary in the South China
Sea
measured from claimed
archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate tropical; annual southwest
(April to October) and
northeast (October to
February) monsoons
tropical; hot, humid; more
moderate in highlands
Terrain coastal plains rising to hills
and mountains
mostly coastal lowlands; larger
islands have interior mountains
Elevation
extremes
mean elevation: 419 m
elevation extremes: lowest
point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Gunung
Kinabalu 4,095 m
mean elevation: 367 m
elevation extremes: lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
Natural
resources
tin, petroleum, timber,
copper, iron ore, natural gas,
bauxite
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel,
timber, bauxite, copper, fertile
soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use agricultural land: 23.2%
arable land 2.9%; permanent
crops 19.4%; permanent
pasture 0.9%
forest: 62%
other: 14.8% (2011 est.)
agricultural land: 31.2%
arable land 13%; permanent crops
12.1%; permanent pasture 6.1%
forest: 51.7%
other: 17.1% (2011 est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
Irrigated land 3,800 sq km (2012) 67,220 sq km (2012)
Natural
hazards
flooding; landslides; forest
fires
occasional floods; severe droughts;
tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes;
forest fires
volcanism: Indonesia contains the
most volcanoes of any country in
the world - some 76 are historically
active; significant volcanic activity
occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda
Islands, Halmahera Island,
Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island,
and in the Banda Sea; Merapi
(2,968 m), Indonesia's most active
volcano and in eruption since 2010,
has been deemed a Decade
Volcano by the International
Association of Volcanology and
Chemistry of the Earth's Interior,
worthy of study due to its
explosive history and close
proximity to human populations;
other notable historically active
volcanoes include Agung, Awu,
Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa),
Makian, Raung, and Tambora
Environment
- current
issues
air pollution from industrial
and vehicular emissions;
water pollution from raw
sewage; deforestation;
smoke/haze from Indonesian
forest fires
deforestation; water pollution from
industrial wastes, sewage; air
pollution in urban areas; smoke
and haze from forest fires
Environment
- international
agreements
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine
Life Conservation
Malaysia Indonesia
signed, but not
ratified: none of the
selected agreements
Geography -
note
strategic location along
Strait of Malacca and
southern South China Sea
according to Indonesia's National
Coordinating Agency for Survey
and Mapping, the total number of
islands in the archipelago is
13,466, of which 922 are
permanently inhabited (Indonesia
is the world's largest country
comprised solely of islands); the
country straddles the equator and
occupies a strategic location astride
or along major sea lanes from the
Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean;
despite having the fourth largest
population in the world, Indonesia
is the most heavily forested region
on earth after the Amazon
Population
distribution
a highly uneven distribution
with over 80% of the
population residing on the
Malay Peninsula
major concentration on the island
of Java, which is considered one of
the most densely populated places
on earth; of the outer islands (those
surrounding Java and Bali),
Sumatra contains some of the most
significant clusters, particularly in
the south near the Selat Sunda, and
along the northeastern coast near
Medan; the cities of Makasar
(Sulawesi), Banjarmasin
(Kalimantan) are also heavily
populated
Demographics
Malaysia Indonesia
Population 31,381,992 (July 2017 est.) 260,580,739 (July 2017 est.)
Age structure 0-14 years: 27.83% (male
4,493,084/female 4,238,991)
15-24 years: 16.81% (male
0-14 years: 25.02% (male
33,205,805/female 31,994,844)
15-24 years: 16.99% (male
Malaysia Indonesia
2,677,834/female 2,598,958)
25-54 years: 41% (male
6,507,499/female 6,358,762)
55-64 years: 8.27% (male
1,316,331/female 1,277,558)
65 years and over: 6.1%
(male 907,850/female
1,005,125) (2017 est.)
22,537,842/female 21,738,210)
25-54 years: 42.4% (male
56,493,414/female 53,980,979)
55-64 years: 8.58% (male
10,192,430/female 12,177,931)
65 years and over: 7.01%
(male 7,954,795/female
10,304,489) (2017 est.)
Median age total: 28.5 years
male: 28.2 years
female: 28.8 years (2017 est.)
total: 30.2 years
male: 29.6 years
female: 30.8 years (2017 est.)
Population
growth rate
1.37% (2017 est.) 0.86% (2017 est.)
Birth rate 19.1 births/1,000 population
(2017 est.)
16.2 births/1,000 population
(2017 est.)
Death rate 5.1 deaths/1,000 population
(2017 est.)
6.5 deaths/1,000 population
(2017 est.)
Net migration
rate
-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2017 est.)
-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2017 est.)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06
male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03
male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02
male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.03
male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9
male(s)/female
total population: 1.03
male(s)/female (2016 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04
male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04
male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.84
male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77
male(s)/female
total population: 1
male(s)/female (2016 est.)
Infant mortality
rate
total: 12.5 deaths/1,000 live
births
male: 14.4 deaths/1,000 live
total: 22.7 deaths/1,000 live
births
male: 26.6 deaths/1,000 live
Malaysia Indonesia
births
female: 10.4 deaths/1,000
live births (2017 est.)
births
female: 18.6 deaths/1,000 live
births (2017 est.)
Life
expectancy at
birth
total population: 75.2 years
male: 72.4 years
female: 78.2 years (2017 est.)
total population: 73 years
male: 70.4 years
female: 75.7 years (2017 est.)
Total fertility
rate
2.5 children born/woman
(2017 est.)
2.11 children born/woman (2017
est.)
HIV/AIDS -
adult
prevalence rate
0.4% (2016 est.) 0.4% (2016 est.)
Nationality noun: Malaysian(s)
adjective: Malaysian
noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups Bumiputera 61.7% (Malays
and indigenous peoples,
including Orang Asli, Dayak,
Anak Negeri), Chinese
20.8%, Indian 6.2%, other
0.9%, non-citizens 10.4%
(2017 est.)
Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese
15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak
3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi
2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%,
Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%,
Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%,
Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%,
Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%,
other 15% (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS -
people living
with
HIV/AIDS
97,000 (2016 est.) 620,000 (2016 est.)
Religions Muslim (official) 61.3%,
Buddhist 19.8%, Christian
9.2%, Hindu 6.3%,
Confucianism, Taoism, other
traditional Chinese religions
1.3%, other 0.4%, none 0.8%,
unspecified 1% (2010 est.)
Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%,
Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu
1.7%, other 0.9% (includes
Buddhist and Confucian),
unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
HIV/AIDS -
deaths
7,000 (2016 est.) 38,000 (2016 est.)
Languages Bahasa Malaysia (official),
English, Chinese (Cantonese,
Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka,
Hainan, Foochow), Tamil,
Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi,
Thai
note: Malaysia has 134 living
languages - 112 indigenous
languages and 22 non-
indigenous languages; in East
Malaysia there are several
indigenous languages; most
widely spoken are Iban and
Kadazan
Bahasa Indonesia (official,
modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects (of
which the most widely spoken is
Javanese)
note: more than 700 languages
are used in Indonesia
Literacy definition: age 15 and over
can read and write
total population: 94.6%
male: 96.2%
female: 93.2% (2015 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can
read and write
total population: 95.4%
male: 97.2%
female: 93.6% (2016 est.)
Major
infectious
diseases
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne
diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne
diseases: dengue fever
water contact
disease: leptospirosis (2016)
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne
diseases: bacterial diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue
fever and malaria (2016)
School life
expectancy
(primary to
tertiary
education)
total: 13 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2015)
total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 13 years (2014)
Education
expenditures
5% of GDP (2015) 3.3% of GDP (2014)
Malaysia Indonesia
Urbanization urban population: 76% of
total population (2017)
rate of urbanization: 2.19%
annual rate of change (2015-
20 est.)
urban population: 55.2% of
total population (2017)
rate of urbanization: 2.3%
annual rate of change (2015-20
est.)
Drinking water
source improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 93% of population
total: 98.2% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 7% of population
total: 1.8% of population
(2015 est.)
improved: urban: 94.2% of population
rural: 79.5% of population
total: 87.4% of population
unimproved: urban: 5.8% of population
rural: 20.5% of population
total: 12.6% of population (2015
est.)
Sanitation
facility access improved: urban: 96.1% of population
rural: 95.9% of population
total: 96% of population
unimproved: urban: 3.9% of population
rural: 4.1% of population
total: 4% of population (2015
est.)
improved: urban: 72.3% of population
rural: 47.5% of population
total: 60.8% of population
unimproved: urban: 27.7% of population
rural: 52.5% of population
total: 39.2% of population (2015
est.)
Major cities -
population
KUALA LUMPUR (capital)
6.837 million; Johor Bahru
912,000 (2015)
JAKARTA (capital) 10.323
million; Surabaya 2.853 million;
Bandung 2.544 million; Medan
2.204 million; Semarang 1.63
million; Makassar 1.489 million
(2015)
Maternal
mortality rate
40 deaths/100,000 live births
(2015 est.)
126 deaths/100,000 live births
(2015 est.)
Children under
the age of 5
years
underweight
12.4% (2015) 19.9% (2013)
Malaysia Indonesia
Health
expenditures
4.2% of GDP (2014) 2.8% of GDP (2014)
Physicians
density
1.28 physicians/1,000
population (2011)
0.2 physicians/1,000 population
(2012)
Hospital bed
density
1.9 beds/1,000 population
(2012)
0.9 beds/1,000 population
(2012)
Obesity - adult
prevalence rate
15.6% (2016) 6.9% (2016)
Contraceptive
prevalence rate
52.2% (2014) 61.1% (2015)
Dependency
ratios
total dependency ratio: 44.6
youth dependency
ratio: 36.1
elderly dependency
ratio: 8.5
potential support ratio: 11.8
(2015 est.)
total dependency ratio: 49.2
youth dependency ratio: 41.6
elderly dependency ratio: 7.6
potential support ratio: 13.2
(2015 est.)
Government
Malaysia Indonesia
Country name "conventional long
form: none
conventional short
form: Malaysia
local long form: none
local short form: Malaysia
former: Federation of
Malaya
etymology: the name means
""Land of the Malays""
"
"conventional long
form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short
form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik
Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies,
Dutch East Indies
etymology: the name is an 18th-
century construct of two Greek
words, ""Indos"" (India) and
""nesoi"" (islands), meaning
""Indian islands""
"
Malaysia Indonesia
Government
type
federal parliamentary
constitutional monarchy
note: all Peninsular
Malaysian states have
hereditary rulers (commonly
referred to as sultans) except
Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau
Pinang (Penang); those two
states along with Sabah and
Sarawak in East Malaysia
have governors appointed by
government; powers of state
governments are limited by
federal constitution; under
terms of federation, Sabah
and Sarawak retain certain
constitutional prerogatives
(e.g., right to maintain their
own immigration controls)
presidential republic
Capital name: Kuala Lumpur; note -
nearby Putrajaya is referred
to as a federal government
administrative center but not
the capital; Parliament meets
in Kuala Lumpur
geographic coordinates: 3
10 N, 101 42 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13
hours ahead of Washington,
DC, during Standard Time)
name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S,
106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12
hours ahead of Washington, DC,
during Standard Time)
note: Indonesia has three time
zones
Administrativ
e divisions
13 states (negeri-negeri,
singular - negeri); Johor,
Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka,
Negeri Sembilan, Pahang,
Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang,
Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor,
Terengganu; and 1 federal
territory (Wilayah
Persekutuan) with 3
components, Kuala Lumpur,
Labuan, and Putrajaya
31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi,
singular - provinsi), 1
autonomous province*, 1 special
region** (daerah-daerah
istimewa, singular - daerah
istimewa), and 1 national capital
district*** (daerah khusus
ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten,
Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta
Raya***, Jambi, Jawa Barat
(West Java), Jawa Tengah
(Central Java), Jawa Timur (East
Java), Kalimantan Barat (West
Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan
Malaysia Indonesia
(South Kalimantan), Kalimantan
Tengah (Central Kalimantan),
Kalimantan Timur (East
Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara
(North Kalimantan), Kepulauan
Bangka Belitung (Bangka
Belitung Islands), Kepulauan
Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung,
Maluku, Maluku Utara (North
Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat
(West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa
Tenggara Timur (East Nusa
Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat
(West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi
Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi
Selatan (South Sulawesi),
Sulawesi Tengah (Central
Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara
(Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi
Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera
Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera
Selatan (South Sumatra),
Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra),
Yogyakarta**
note: following the
implementation of
decentralization beginning on 1
January 2001, regencies and
municipalities have become the
key administrative units
responsible for providing most
government services
Independence 31 August 1957 (from the
UK)
17 August 1945 (declared
independence from the
Netherlands)
National
holiday
Independence Day (or
Merdeka Day), 31 August
(1957) (independence of
Malaya); Malaysia Day, 16
September (1963) (formation
of Malaysia)
Independence Day, 17 August
(1945)
Malaysia Indonesia
Constitution previous 1948; latest drafted
21 February 1957, effective
27 August 1957; amended
many times, last in 2010
(2016)
"drafted July to August 1945,
effective 17 August 1945,
abrogated by 1949 and 1950
constitutions, 1945 constitution
restored 5 July 1959; amended
several times, last in 2002; note -
an amendment on ""national
character building and national
consciousness awareness"" was
pending parliamentary review in
early 2016 (2016)
"
Legal system mixed legal system of
English common law,
Islamic law, and customary
law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Federal
Court at request of supreme
head of the federation
civil law system based on the
Roman-Dutch model and
influenced by customary law
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal 17 years of age; universal and
married persons regardless of age
Executive
branch
chief of state: King
MUHAMMAD V (formerly
known as Tuanku
Muhammad Faris Petra)
(selected on 14 October
2016; installed on 13
December 2016); note - the
position of the king is
primarily ceremonial, but he
is the final arbiter on the
appointment of the prime
minister
head of government: Prime
Minister Mohamed NAJIB
bin Abdul Najib Razak (since
3 April 2009); Deputy Prime
Minister Ahmad ZAHID
Hamidi (since 29 July 2015)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed
by the prime minister from
among members of
chief of state: President Joko
WIDODO (since 20 October
2014); Vice President Jusuf
KALLA (since 20 October 2014);
note - the president is both chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President
Joko WIDODO (since 20 October
2014); Vice President Jusuf
KALLA (since 20 October 2014)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the
president
elections/appointments: presiden
t and vice president directly
elected by absolute majority
popular vote for a 5-year term
(eligible for a second term);
election last held on 9 July 2014
(next to be held in 2019)
election results: Joko WIDODO
elected president; percent of vote
Malaysia Indonesia
Parliament with the consent
of the king
elections/appointments: kin
g elected by and from the
hereditary rulers of 9 states
for a 5-year term; election is
on a rotational basis among
rulers of the 9 states; election
last held on 14 October 2016
(next to be held in 2021);
prime minister designated
from among members of the
House of Representatives;
following legislative
elections, the leader who
commands support of the
majority of members in the
House becomes prime
minister
election results: Mohamed
NAJIB bin Abdul Najib
Razak (UMNO) sworn in as
prime minister for second
term on 3 April 2009
- Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%,
PRABOWO Subianto
(GERINDRA) 46.8%
Legislative
branch
description: bicameral
Parliament or Parlimen
consists of the Senate or
Dewan Negara (70 seats; 44
members appointed by the
king and 26 indirectly elected
by 13 state legislatures;
members serve 3-year terms)
and the House of
Representatives or Dewan
Rakyat (222 seats; members
directly elected in single-seat
constituencies by simple
majority vote to serve 5-year
terms)
elections: House of
Representatives - last held on
5 May 2013 (next to be held
by 24 August 2018)
election results: House of
Representatives - percent of
description: bicameral People's
Consultative Assembly or Majelis
Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists
of the Regional Representative
Council or Dewan Perwakilan
Daerah (132 seats; non-partisan
members directly elected in multi-
seat constituencies - 4 each from
the country's 33 electoral districts
- by proportional representation
vote to serve 5-year terms) and
the House of Representatives or
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560
seats; members directly elected in
multi-seat constituencies by
single non-transferable vote to
serve 5-year terms); note - the
Regional Council has no
legislative authority
elections: last held on 9 April
2014 (next to be held in 2019)
Malaysia Indonesia
vote by party/coalition - BN
47.4%, People's Alliance
(DAP, PAS, PKR) 50.9%,
other 1.7%; seats by
party/coalition - BN 133,
People's Alliance (DAP,
PAS, PKR) 89
note: seats by party/coalition
as of October 2016 - BN 132,
PH 72 (DAP 37, PKR 28,
AMANAH 6, PPBM 1), PAS
14, WARISAN 2, PSM 1,
independent 1
election results: Regional
Representative Council - all seats
elected on a non-partisan basis;
House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - PDI-P
19.0%, Golkar 14.8%, Gerindra
11.8%, PD 10.2%, PKB 9.0%,
PAN 2.6%, PKS 6.8%, NasDem
6.7%, PPP 6.5%, Hanura 5.3%,
other 7.9%; seats by party - PDI-P
109, Golkar 91, Gerindra 73, PD
61, PAN 48, PKB 47, PKS 40,
PPP 39, NasDem 36, Hanura 16
Judicial
branch
highest court(s): Federal
Court (consists of the chief
justice, president of the Court
of Appeal, chief justice of the
High Court of Malaya, chief
judge of the High Court of
Sabah and Sarawak and 7
judges); note - Malaysia has
a dual judicial hierarchy of
civil and religious (sharia)
courts
judge selection and term of
office: Federal Court justices
appointed by the monarch on
advice of the prime minister;
judges serve until mandatory
retirement at age 65
subordinate courts: Court
of Appeal; High Court;
Sessions Court; Magistrates'
Court
highest court(s): Supreme Court
or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges
divided into 8 chambers);
Constitutional Court or
Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of
9 judges)
judge selection and term of
office: Supreme Court judges
nominated by Judicial
Commission, appointed by
president with concurrence of
parliament; judges serve until
retirement at age 65;
Constitutional Court judges - 3
nominated by president, 3 by
Supreme Court, and 3 by
parliament; judges appointed by
the president; judges serve until
mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: High Courts
of Appeal, district courts,
religious courts
Political
parties and
leaders
National Front (Barisan
Nasional) or BN: Gerakan
Rakyat Malaysia Party or
GERAKAN [MAH Siew
Keong]
Liberal Democratic Party
(Parti Liberal Demokratik -
Sabah) or LDP [TEO Chee
Kang]
Democrat Party or PD [Susilo
Bambang YUDHOYONO]
Functional Groups Party or
GOLKAR [Setya NOVANTO]
Great Indonesia Movement Party
or GERINDRA [PRABOWO
Subianto Djojohadikusumo]
Indonesia Democratic Party-
Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI
Malaysia Indonesia
Malaysian Chinese
Association (Persatuan China
Malaysia) or MCA [LIOW
Tiong Lai]
Malaysian Indian Congress
(Kongres India Malaysia) or
MIC [S. SUBRAMANIAM]
Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS
[Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]
Sarawak United People's
Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat
Sarawak) or SUPP [Dr. SIM
Kui Hian]
United Malays National
Organization or UMNO
[NAJIB bin Abdul Razak]
United Pasokmomogun
Kadazandusun Murut
Organization (Pertubuhan
Pasko Momogun Kadazan
Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO
[Wilfred Madius TANGAU]
Coalition of Hope (Pakatan
Harapan) or PH (formerly
the People's Alliance):: Democratic
Action Party (Parti Tindakan
Demokratik) or DAP [TAN
Kok Wai, Acting National
Chairman]
National Trust Party (Parti
Amanah Negara) or
AMANAH [Mohamad
SABU]
People's Justice Party (Parti
Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR
[WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismail]
Parti Pribumi Bersatu
Malaysia or PPBM
[MAHATHIR Mohamad]
Other: Islamic Party of
Malaysia (Parti Islam se
Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul
HADI Awang]
Sabah Heritage Party or
WARISAN [Shafie APDAL]
Socialist Party of Malaysia
Sukarnoputri]
National Awakening Party or
PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]
National Democratic Party or
Nasdem [Surya PALOH]
National Mandate Party or PAN
[Zulkifli HASAN]
People's Conscience Party or
HANURA [WIRANTO]
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS
[Muhammad Sohibul IMAN]
United Development Party or PPP
[Muhammad
ROMAHURMUZIY]
Malaysia Indonesia
(Parti Sosialis Malaysia) or
PSM [Mohd Nasir HASHIM]
Political
pressure
groups and
leaders
Bar Council
BERSIH (electoral reform
coalition)
ISMA (Muslim NGO)
PERKASA (defense of
Malay rights)
other: religious groups;
women's groups; youth
groups
"Commission for the
""Disappeared"" and Victims of
Violence or KontraS
Indonesia Corruption Watch or
ICW
Indonesian Forum for the
Environment or WALHI
"
International
organization
participation
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN,
BIS, C, CICA (observer),
CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-15,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC (national committees),
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC
(NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO,
MONUSCO, NAM, OIC,
OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner),
UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs),
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS,
CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8,
EAS, EITI (compliant country),
FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC
(national committees), ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),
IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU,
ITUC (NGOs), MIGA,
MINURSO, MINUSTAH,
MONUSCO, MSG (associate
member), NAM, OECD
(enhanced engagement), OIC,
OPCW, PIF (partner), UN,
UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA,
UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Diplomatic
representation
in the US
chief of
mission: Ambassador
ZULHASNAN Rafique
(since 9 January 2017)
chancery: 3516 International
Court NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1] (202) 572-
9700
FAX: [1] (202) 572-9882
chief of mission: Ambassador
Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since
21 May 2014)
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts
Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago,
Malaysia Indonesia
consulate(s) general: Los
Angeles, New York
Houston, Los Angeles, New
York, San Francisco
Diplomatic
representation
from the US
chief of
mission: Ambassador
Kamala Shirin LAKHDIR
(since 21 February 2017)
embassy: 376 Jalan Tun
Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur
mailing address: US
Embassy Kuala Lumpur,
APO AP 96535-8152
telephone: [60] (3) 2168-
5000
FAX: [60] (3) 2142-2207
chief of mission: Ambassador
Joseph R. DONOVAN, Jr. (since
12 January 2017)
embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka
Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box
1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 386-2259
consulate general: Surabaya
consulate: Medan
Flag
description
14 equal horizontal stripes of
red (top) alternating with
white (bottom); there is a
dark blue rectangle in the
upper hoist-side corner
bearing a yellow crescent and
a yellow 14-pointed star; the
flag is often referred to as
Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of
Glory); the 14 stripes stand
for the equal status in the
federation of the 13 member
states and the federal
government; the 14 points on
the star represent the unity
between these entities; the
crescent is a traditional
symbol of Islam; blue
symbolizes the unity of the
Malay people and yellow is
the royal color of Malay
rulers
note: the design is based on
the flag of the US
two equal horizontal bands of red
(top) and white; the colors derive
from the banner of the Majapahit
Empire of the 13th-15th centuries;
red symbolizes courage, white
represents purity
note: similar to the flag of
Monaco, which is shorter; also
similar to the flag of Poland,
which is white (top) and red
National
anthem
"name: ""Negaraku"" (My
Country)
lyrics/music: collective, led
by Tunku ABDUL
"name: ""Indonesia Raya""
(Great Indonesia)
lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf
SOEPRATMAN
Malaysia Indonesia
RAHMAN/Pierre Jean DE
BERANGER
note: adopted 1957; full
version only performed in the
presence of the king; the
tune, which was adopted
from a popular French
melody titled ""La Rosalie,""
was originally the anthem of
Perak, one of Malaysia's 13
states
"
note: adopted 1945
"
International
law
organization
participation
has not submitted an ICJ
jurisdiction declaration; non-
party state to the ICCt
has not submitted an ICJ
jurisdiction declaration; non-party
state to the ICCt
National
symbol(s)
tiger, hibiscus; national
colors: red, white, blue,
yellow
garuda (mythical bird); national
colors: red, white
Citizenship citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent
only: at least one parent must
be a citizen of Malaysia
dual citizenship
recognized: no
residency requirement for
naturalization: 10 out 12
years preceding application
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at
least one parent must be a citizen
of Indonesia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for
naturalization: 5 continuous
years
Economy
Malaysia Indonesia
Economy -
overview
Malaysia, an upper middle-
income country, has
transformed itself since the
1970s from a producer of raw
materials into a multi-sector
economy. Under current
Prime Minister NAJIB,
Malaysia is attempting to
Indonesia, the largest
economy in Southeast Asia,
has seen a slowdown in
growth since 2012, mostly due
to the end of the commodities
export boom. During the
global financial crisis,
Indonesia outperformed its
Malaysia Indonesia
achieve high-income status by
2020 and to move further up
the value-added production
chain by attracting
investments in high
technology, knowledge-based
industries and services.
NAJIB's Economic
Transformation Program is a
series of projects and policy
measures intended to
accelerate the country's
economic growth. The
government has also taken
steps to liberalize some
services sub-sectors. Malaysia
is vulnerable to a fall in world
commodity prices or a general
slowdown in global economic
activity.
The NAJIB administration is
continuing efforts to boost
domestic demand and reduce
the economy's dependence on
exports. Domestic demand
continues to anchor economic
growth, supported mainly by
private consumption, which
accounts for 53% of GDP.
Nevertheless, exports -
particularly of electronics, oil
and gas, and palm oil - remain
a significant driver of the
economy. In 2015, gross
exports of goods and services
were equivalent to 73% of
GDP. The oil and gas sector
supplied about 22% of
government revenue in 2015,
down significantly from prior
years amid a decline in
commodity prices and
diversification of government
revenues. Malaysia has
embarked on a fiscal reform
program aimed at achieving a
regional neighbors and joined
China and India as the only
G20 members posting growth.
Indonesia’s annual budget
deficit is capped at 3% of
GDP, and the Government of
Indonesia lowered its debt-to-
GDP ratio from a peak of
100% shortly after the Asian
financial crisis in 1999 to 33%
today. While Fitch and
Moody's Investors upgraded
Indonesia's credit rating to
investment grade in December
2011, Standard & Poor’s has
yet to raise Indonesia’s rating
to this status amid several
constraints to foreign direct
investment in the country,
such as a high level of
protectionism.
Indonesia still struggles with
poverty and unemployment,
inadequate infrastructure,
corruption, a complex
regulatory environment, and
unequal resource distribution
among its regions. President
Joko WIDODO - elected in
July 2014 – seeks to develop
Indonesia’s maritime
resources and pursue other
infrastructure development,
including significantly
increasing its electrical power
generation capacity. Fuel
subsidies were significantly
reduced in early 2015, a move
which has helped the
government redirect its
spending to development
priorities. Indonesia, with the
nine other ASEAN members,
will continue to move towards
participation in the ASEAN
Economic Community,
Malaysia Indonesia
balanced budget by 2020,
including rationalization of
subsidies and the 2015
introduction of a 6% value
added tax. Sustained low
commodity prices throughout
the period not only strained
government finances, but also
shrunk Malaysia’s current
account surplus and weighed
heavily on the Malaysian
ringgit, which was among the
region’s worst performing
currencies during 2013-17.
The ringgit hit new lows
following the US presidential
election amid a broader selloff
of emerging market assets.
Bank Negara Malaysia (the
central bank) maintains
adequate foreign exchange
reserves; a well-developed
regulatory regime has limited
Malaysia's exposure to riskier
financial instruments,
although it remains vulnerable
to volatile global capital
flows. In order to increase
Malaysia’s competitiveness,
Prime Minister NAJIB raised
possible revisions to the
special economic and social
preferences accorded to ethnic
Malays under the New
Economic Policy of 1970, but
retreated in 2013 after he
encountered significant
opposition from Malay
nationalists and other vested
interests. In September 2013
NAJIB launched the new
Bumiputra Economic
Empowerment Program,
policies that favor and
advance the economic
condition of ethnic Malays.
though full implementation of
economic integration has not
yet materialized.
Malaysia Indonesia
Malaysia signed the 12-nation
Trans-Pacific Partnership
(TPP) free trade agreement in
February 2016, although the
future of the TPP remains
unclear following the US
withdrawal from the
agreement. Along with nine
other ASEAN members,
Malaysia established the
ASEAN Economic
Community in 2015, which
aims to advance regional
economic integration.
GDP
(purchasing
power parity)
$926.1 billion (2017 est.)
$878.4 billion (2016 est.)
$842.8 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
$3.243 trillion (2017 est.)
$3.084 trillion (2016 est.)
$2.937 trillion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP - real
growth rate
5.4% (2017 est.)
4.2% (2016 est.)
5% (2015 est.)
5.2% (2017 est.)
5% (2016 est.)
4.9% (2015 est.)
GDP - per capita
(PPP)
$28,900 (2017 est.)
$27,800 (2016 est.)
$27,000 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
$12,400 (2017 est.)
$11,900 (2016 est.)
$11,500 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP -
composition by
sector
agriculture: 8.4%
industry: 36.9%
services: 54.7% (2017 est.)
agriculture: 13.9%
industry: 40.3%
services: 45.9% (2017 est.)
Population
below poverty
line
3.8% (2009 est.) 10.9% (2016 est.)
Household
income or
consumption by
percentage share
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 34.7% (2009
est.)
lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 28.2% (2010)
Malaysia Indonesia
Inflation rate
(consumer
prices)
3.8% (2017 est.)
2.1% (2016 est.)
note: approximately 30% of
goods are price-controlled
4% (2017 est.)
3.5% (2016 est.)
Labor force 14.94 million (2017 est.) 126.1 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by
occupation
agriculture: 11%
industry: 36%
services: 53% (2012 est.)
agriculture: 32%
industry: 21%
services: 47% (2016 est.)
Unemployment
rate
3.4% (2017 est.)
3.5% (2016 est.)
5.4% (2017 est.)
5.6% (2016 est.)
Distribution of
family income -
Gini index
46.2 (2009)
49.2 (1997)
36.8 (2009)
39.4 (2005)
Budget revenues: $51.23 billion
expenditures: $60.26 billion
(2017 est.)
revenues: $130.6 billion
expenditures: $154.8 billion
(2017 est.)
Industries Peninsular Malaysia - rubber
and oil palm processing and
manufacturing, petroleum and
natural gas, light
manufacturing,
pharmaceuticals, medical
technology, electronics and
semiconductors, timber
processing; Sabah - logging,
petroleum and natural gas
production; Sarawak -
agriculture processing,
petroleum and natural gas
production, logging
petroleum and natural gas,
textiles, automotive, electrical
appliances, apparel, footwear,
mining, cement, medical
instruments and appliances,
handicrafts, chemical
fertilizers, plywood, rubber,
processed food, jewelry, and
tourism
Industrial
production
growth rate
4.6% (2017 est.) 3.8% (2017 est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
Agriculture -
products
Peninsular Malaysia - palm
oil, rubber, cocoa, rice; Sabah
- palm oil, subsistence crops;
rubber, timber; Sarawak -
palm oil, rubber, timber;
pepper
rubber and similar products,
palm oil, poultry, beef, forest
products, shrimp, cocoa,
coffee, medicinal herbs,
essential oil, fish and its
similar products, and spices
Exports $188.2 billion (2017 est.)
$165.3 billion (2016 est.)
$157.8 billion (2017 est.)
$144.4 billion (2016 est.)
Exports -
commodities
semiconductors and electronic
equipment, palm oil,
petroleum and liquefied
natural gas, wood and wood
products, palm oil, rubber,
textiles, chemicals, solar
panels
mineral fuels, animal or
vegetable fats (includes palm
oil), electrical machinery,
rubber, machinery and
mechanical appliance parts
Exports -
partners
Singapore 14.7%, China
12.6%, US 10.3%, Japan
8.1%, Thailand 5.7%, Hong
Kong 4.8%, India 4.1%
(2016)
China 11.6%, US 11.2%,
Japan 11.1%, Singapore 7.8%,
India 7%, Malaysia 4.9%,
South Korea 4.8% (2016)
Imports $163.4 billion (2017 est.)
$140.9 billion (2016 est.)
$142.3 billion (2017 est.)
$129 billion (2016 est.)
Imports -
commodities
electronics, machinery,
petroleum products, plastics,
vehicles, iron and steel
products, chemicals
mineral fuels, boilers,
machinery, and mechanical
parts, electric machinery, iron
and steel, foodstuffs
Imports -
partners
China 19.4%, Singapore
9.8%, Japan 7.7%, US 7.6%,
Thailand 5.8%, South Korea
5%, Indonesia 4% (2016)
China 22.9%, Singapore
10.8%, Japan 9.6%, Thailand
6.4%, US 5.4%, Malaysia
5.4%, South Korea 5% (2016)
Debt - external $213 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$195.3 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$322.6 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$316.5 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
Exchange rates ringgits (MYR) per US dollar
-
4.343 (2017 est.)
4.15 (2016 est.)
4.15 (2015 est.)
3.91 (2014 est.)
3.27 (2013 est.)
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per
US dollar -
13,360.1 (2017 est.)
13,308.3 (2016 est.)
13,308.3 (2015 est.)
13,389.4 (2014 est.)
11,865.2 (2013 est.)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Public debt 52.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
52.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: this figure is based on
the amount of federal
government debt, RM501.6
billion ($167.2 billion) in
2012; this includes Malaysian
Treasury bills and other
government securities, as well
as loans raised externally and
bonds and notes issued
overseas; this figure excludes
debt issued by non-financial
public enterprises and
guaranteed by the federal
government, which was an
additional $47.7 billion in
2012
33.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
31.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Reserves of
foreign exchange
and gold
$97.44 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$94.5 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$122.5 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$116.4 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
Current Account
Balance
$7.486 billion (2017 est.)
$6.996 billion (2016 est.)
-$17.03 billion (2017 est.)
-$16.77 billion (2016 est.)
GDP (official
exchange rate)
$309.9 billion (2016 est.) $1.011 trillion (2016 est.)
Stock of direct
foreign
$133.2 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$247.7 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
investment - at
home
$121.6 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$229.1 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
Stock of direct
foreign
investment -
abroad
$137.9 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$126.9 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$19.96 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$18.42 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
Market value of
publicly traded
shares
$383 billion (31 December
2015 est.)
$459 billion (31 December
2014 est.)
$500.4 billion (31 December
2013 est.)
$428.2 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$353.3 billion (31 December
2015 est.)
$422.1 billion (31 December
2014 est.)
Central bank
discount rate
3% (31 December 2011)
2.83% (31 December 2010)
6.37% (31 December 2010)
6.46% (31 December 2009)
note: this figure represents the
3-month SBI rate; the Bank of
Indonesia has not employed
the one-month SBI since
September 2010
Commercial
bank prime
lending rate
4.5% (31 December 2017 est.)
4.49% (31 December 2016
est.)
11.3% (31 December 2017
est.)
11.89% (31 December 2016
est.)
note: these figures represent
the average annualized rate on
working capital loans
Stock of
domestic credit
$447.9 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$398.3 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$436.7 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$397.7 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
Stock of narrow
money
$95.12 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$84.9 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$107.6 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$92.11 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
Stock of broad
money
$406.3 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$365.1 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
$407.6 billion (31 December
2017 est.)
$372.5 billion (31 December
2016 est.)
Taxes and other
revenues
16.5% of GDP (2017 est.) 12.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
Budget surplus
(+) or deficit (-)
-2.9% of GDP (2017 est.) -2.4% of GDP (2017 est.)
Unemployment,
youth ages 15-24
total: 10.7%
male: 9.9%
female: 11.8% (2015 est.)
total: 22.6%
male: 22.3%
female: 23.1% (2015 est.)
GDP -
composition, by
end use
household
consumption: 55.4%
government
consumption: 12.5%
investment in fixed
capital: 26.3%
investment in
inventories: 0.1%
exports of goods and
services: 75.2%
imports of goods and
services: -69.5% (2017 est.)
household
consumption: 57.5%
government
consumption: 8.9%
investment in fixed
capital: 32.1%
investment in
inventories: 0.7%
exports of goods and
services: 19.2%
imports of goods and
services: -18.4% (2017 est.)
Gross national
saving
28% of GDP (2017 est.)
28.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
28.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
32.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
32.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
Energy
Malaysia Indonesia
Electricity - production 141.9 billion kWh (2015
est.)
221.3 billion kWh (2015
est.)
Electricity -
consumption
133 billion kWh (2015
est.)
199.3 billion kWh (2015
est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
Electricity - exports 3 million kWh (2015 est.) 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports 13 million kWh (2015
est.)
13 million kWh (2015 est.)
Oil - production 666,900 bbl/day (2016
est.)
831,100 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Oil - imports 194,400 bbl/day (2014
est.)
507,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Oil - exports 310,900 bbl/day (2014
est.)
289,300 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Oil - proved reserves 3.6 billion bbl (1 January
2017 es)
3.23 billion bbl (1 January
2017 es)
Natural gas - proved
reserves
1.183 trillion cu m (1
January 2017 es)
2.775 trillion cu m (1
January 2017 es)
Natural gas -
production
63.43 billion cu m (2015
est.)
72.8 billion cu m (2015 est.)
Natural gas -
consumption
40.67 billion cu m (2015
est.)
53.15 billion cu m (2015
est.)
Natural gas - exports 34.99 billion cu m (2015
est.)
30.29 billion cu m (2015
est.)
Natural gas - imports 3.27 billion cu m (2015
est.)
1.8 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Electricity - installed
generating capacity
33.34 million kW (2015
est.)
57.35 million kW (2015
est.)
Electricity - from fossil
fuels
82.1% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
85.1% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
Malaysia Indonesia
Electricity - from
hydroelectric plants
14% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
9.4% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
Electricity - from
nuclear fuels
0% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
0% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
Electricity - from other
renewable sources
4% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
5.9% of total installed
capacity (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum
products - production
512,900 bbl/day (2014
est.)
990,700 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Refined petroleum
products - consumption
760,000 bbl/day (2015
est.)
1.708 million bbl/day (2015
est.)
Refined petroleum
products - exports
231,400 bbl/day (2014
est.)
98,780 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Refined petroleum
products - imports
409,500 bbl/day (2014
est.)
668,500 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Carbon dioxide
emissions from
consumption of energy
208 million Mt (2013
est.)
442 million Mt (2013 est.)
Electricity access population without
electricity: 100,000
electrification - total
population: 99.5%
electrification - urban
areas: 99.8%
electrification - rural
areas: 98.7% (2013)
population without
electricity: 48,700,000
electrification - total
population: 81%
electrification - urban
areas: 94%
electrification - rural
areas: 66% (2013)
Telecommunications
Malaysia Indonesia
Telephones
- main lines
in use
total subscriptions: 4,510,200
subscriptions per 100
inhabitants: 15 (July 2016 est.)
total subscriptions: 10,372,912
subscriptions per 100
inhabitants: 4 (July 2016 est.)
Telephones
- mobile
cellular
total: 43,912,600
subscriptions per 100
inhabitants: 142 (July 2016
est.)
total: 385,573,398
subscriptions per 100
inhabitants: 149 (July 2016 est.)
Telephone
system
general assessment: modern
system featuring good intercity
service on Peninsular Malaysia
provided mainly by microwave
radio relay and an adequate
intercity microwave radio relay
network between Sabah and
Sarawak via Brunei;
international service excellent
domestic: domestic satellite
system with 2 earth stations;
combined fixed-line and mobile-
cellular teledensity exceeds 155
per 100 persons
international: country code -
60; landing point for several
major international submarine
cable networks that provide
connectivity to Asia, Middle
East, and Europe; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2016)
general assessment: domestic
service includes an interisland
microwave system, an HF radio
police net, and a domestic
satellite communications system;
international service good
domestic: coverage provided by
existing network has been
expanded by use of over 200,000
telephone kiosks many located in
remote areas; mobile-cellular
subscribership growing rapidly
international: country code - 62;
landing point for both the SEA-
ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4
submarine cable networks that
provide links throughout Asia,
the Middle East, and Europe;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
(1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific
Ocean) (2015)
Internet
country
code
.my .id
Internet
users
total: 24,384,952
percent of population: 78.8%
(July 2016 est.)
total: 65,525,226
percent of population: 25.4%
(July 2016 est.)
Broadcast
media
state-owned TV broadcaster
operates 2 TV networks with
relays throughout the country,
mixture of about a dozen national
TV networks - 2 public
broadcasters, the remainder
Malaysia Indonesia
and the leading private
commercial media group
operates 4 TV stations with
numerous relays throughout the
country; satellite TV
subscription service is available;
state-owned radio broadcaster
operates multiple national
networks, as well as regional
and local stations; many private
commercial radio broadcasters
and some subscription satellite
radio services are available;
about 55 radio stations overall
(2012)
private broadcasters - each with
multiple transmitters; more than
100 local TV stations;
widespread use of satellite and
cable TV systems; public radio
broadcaster operates 6 national
networks, as well as regional and
local stations; overall, more than
700 radio stations with more than
650 privately operated (2008)
Transportation
Malaysia Indonesia
Railways total: 1,851 km
standard gauge: 59 km
1.435-m gauge (59 km
electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,792 km
1.000-m gauge (339 km
electrified) (2014)
total: 8,159 km
narrow gauge: 8,159 km 1.067-
m gauge (565 km electrified)
note: 4,816 km operational
(2014)
Roadways total: 144,403 km (excludes
local roads)
paved: 116,169 km (includes
1,821 km of expressways)
unpaved: 28,234 km (2010)
total: 496,607 km
paved: 283,102 km
unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)
Waterways 7,200 km (Peninsular
Malaysia 3,200 km; Sabah
1,500 km; Sarawak 2,500 km)
(2011)
21,579 km (2011)
Pipelines condensate 354 km; gas 6,439
km; liquid petroleum gas 155
km; oil 1,937 km;
oil/gas/water 43 km; refined
condensate 1,064 km;
condensate/gas 150 km; gas
11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas
119 km; oil 7,767 km;
oil/gas/water 77 km; refined
Malaysia Indonesia
products 114 km; water 26 km
(2013)
products 728 km; unknown 53
km; water 44 km (2013)
Ports and
terminals
major seaport(s): Bintulu,
Johor Bahru, George Town
(Penang), Port Kelang (Port
Klang), Tanjung Pelepas
container port(s)
(TEUs): George Town
(Penang) (1,317,000), Port
Kelang (Port Klang)
(11,887,000), Tanjung Pelepas
(8,797,000) (2015)
LNG terminal(s)
(export): Bintulu (Sarawak)
LNG terminal(s)
(import): Sungei Udang
major seaport(s): Banjarmasin,
Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg
Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang,
Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak,
Tanjung Priok
container port(s)
(TEUs): Belawan (1,197,000),
Tanjung Priok (5,154,000) (2015)
LNG terminal(s)
(export): Bontang, Tangguh
LNG terminal(s)
(import): Arun, Lampung, West
Java
Merchant
marine
total: 1,690
by type: bulk carrier 12,
container ship 26, general
cargo 188, oil tanker 129,
other 1,335 (2017)
total: 8,782
by type: bulk carrier 81, container
ship 194, general cargo 2,142, oil
tanker 544, other 5,821 (2017)
Airports 114 (2013) 673 (2013)
Airports -
with paved
runways
total: 39
over 3,047 m: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 8 (2017)
total: 186
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 21
1,524 to 2,437 m: 51
914 to 1,523 m: 72
under 914 m: 37 (2017)
Airports -
with
unpaved
runways
total: 75
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 69 (2013)
total: 487
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 460 (2013)
Heliports 4 (2013) 76 (2013)
Malaysia Indonesia
National air
transport
system
number of registered air
carriers: 12
inventory of registered
aircraft operated by air
carriers: 263
annual passenger traffic on
registered air
carriers: 50,347,149
annual freight traffic on
registered air
carriers: 2,005,979,379 mt-
km (2015)
number of registered air
carriers: 29
inventory of registered aircraft
operated by air carriers: 550
annual passenger traffic on
registered air
carriers: 88,685,767
annual freight traffic on
registered air
carriers: 747,473,207 mt-km
(2015)
Civil aircraft
registration
country code
prefix
9M (2016) PK (2016)
Military
Malaysia Indonesia
Military
branches
Malaysian Armed Forces
(Angkatan Tentera
Malaysia, ATM):
Malaysian Army (Tentera
Darat Malaysia), Royal
Malaysian Navy (Tentera
Laut Diraja Malaysia,
TLDM), Royal Malaysian
Air Force (Tentera Udara
Diraja Malaysia, TUDM)
(2013)
Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara
Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army
(TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)),
Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-
AL), includes marines (Korps
Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm),
Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara
(TNI-AU)), National Air Defense
Command (Kommando Pertahanan
Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas))
(2013)
Military
service age
and obligation
17 years 6 months of age
for voluntary military
service (younger with
parental consent and proof
of age); mandatory
retirement age 60; women
serve in the Malaysian
Armed Forces; no
conscription (2013)
18-45 years of age for voluntary
military service, with selective
conscription authorized; 2-year
service obligation, with reserve
obligation to age 45 (officers);
Indonesian citizens only (2012)
Malaysia Indonesia
Military
expenditures -
percent of
GDP
1.41% of GDP (2016)
1.53% of GDP (2015)
1.46% of GDP (2014)
1.52% of GDP (2013)
1.43% of GDP (2012)
0.88% of GDP (2016)
0.89% of GDP (2015)
0.78% of GDP (2014)
0.92% of GDP (2013)
0.71% of GDP (2012)
Transnational Issues
Malaysia Indonesia
Disputes -
international
"while the 2002 ""Declaration
on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea"" has eased
tensions over the Spratly
Islands, it is not the legally
binding ""code of conduct""
sought by some parties;
Malaysia was not party to the
March 2005 joint accord among
the national oil companies of
China, the Philippines, and
Vietnam on conducting marine
seismic activities in the Spratly
Islands; disputes continue over
deliveries of fresh water to
Singapore, Singapore's land
reclamation, bridge
construction, and maritime
boundaries in the Johor and
Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ
awarded sovereignty of Pedra
Branca (Pulau Batu
Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to
Singapore, and Middle Rocks to
Malaysia, but did not rule on
maritime regimes, boundaries,
or disposition of South Ledge;
land and maritime negotiations
with Indonesia are ongoing, and
disputed areas include the
controversial Tanjung Datu and
Camar Wulan border area in
Borneo and the maritime
boundary in the Ambalat oil
block in the Celebes Sea;
separatist violence in Thailand's
Indonesia has a stated foreign
policy objective of establishing
stable fixed land and maritime
boundaries with all of its
neighbors; three stretches of
land borders with Timor-Leste
have yet to be delimited, two of
which are in the Oecussi
exclave area, and no maritime
or Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) boundaries have been
established between the
countries; all borders between
Indonesia and Australia have
been agreed upon bilaterally,
but a 1997 treaty that would
settle the last of their maritime
and EEZ boundary has yet to be
ratified by Indonesia's
legislature; Indonesian groups
challenge Australia's claim to
Ashmore Reef; Australia has
closed parts of the Ashmore and
Cartier Reserve to Indonesian
traditional fishing and placed
restrictions on certain catches;
land and maritime negotiations
with Malaysia are ongoing, and
disputed areas include the
controversial Tanjung Datu and
Camar Wulan border area in
Borneo and the maritime
boundary in the Ambalat oil
block in the Celebes Sea;
Indonesia and Singapore
continue to work on finalizing
Malaysia Indonesia
predominantly Muslim southern
provinces prompts measures to
close and monitor border with
Malaysia to stem terrorist
activities; Philippines retains a
dormant claim to Malaysia's
Sabah State in northern Borneo;
per Letters of Exchange signed
in 2009, Malaysia in 2010
ceded two hydrocarbon
concession blocks to Brunei in
exchange for Brunei's sultan
dropping claims to the Limbang
corridor, which divides Brunei;
piracy remains a problem in the
Malacca Strait
"
their 1973 maritime boundary
agreement by defining
unresolved areas north of
Indonesia's Batam Island;
Indonesian secessionists,
squatters, and illegal migrants
create repatriation problems for
Papua New Guinea; maritime
delimitation talks continue with
Palau; EEZ negotiations with
Vietnam are ongoing, and the
two countries in Fall 2011
agreed to work together to
reduce illegal fishing along their
maritime boundary
Illicit drugs drug trafficking prosecuted
vigorously, including
enforcement of the death
penalty; heroin still primary
drug of abuse, but synthetic
drug demand remains strong;
continued ecstasy and
methamphetamine producer for
domestic users and, to a lesser
extent, the regional drug market
illicit producer of cannabis
largely for domestic use;
producer of methamphetamine
and ecstasy; President
WIDODO's war on drugs has
led to an increase in death
sentences and executions,
particularly of foreign drug
traffickers
Refugees and
internally
displaced
persons
"refugees (country of
origin): 87,036 (Burma) (2016)
stateless persons: 10,931
(2016); note - Malaysia's
stateless population consists of
Rohingya refugees from Burma,
ethnic Indians, and the children
of Filipino and Indonesian
illegal migrants; Burma stripped
the Rohingya of their
nationality in 1982; Filipino and
Indonesian children who have
not been registered for birth
certificates by their parents or
who received birth certificates
stamped ""foreigner"" are not
eligible to attend government
IDPs: 7,100 (inter-communal,
inter-faith, and separatist
violence between 1998 and
2004 in Aceh and Papua;
religious attacks and land
conflicts in 2012 and 2013;
most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku,
East Nusa Tengarra) (2
Malaysia Indonesia
schools; these children are
vulnerable to statelessness
should they not be able to apply
to their parents' country of
origin for passports
"