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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 1
INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW
The starting from early era, opportunistic Fungi and Bacteria causing infections and
immune compromised. The systemic antimicrobial was known to cause systemic
infections.Thus the reason for the curability of diseases various natural and synthetic
drugs had been selected in early life to treat infection all over the world but again the
matter of selecting the plants these six natural plants only was that it have active quantity
of constituent according to my search with a secure, friendly, natural, cheaper, compare
to synthetic and other medicinal compound and found that required activity of
antimicrobial had been not reported. In the light aim was to determine the efficacy of
medicinal drugs for fungal and bacterial diseases2.
The plant extracts showed the preferred in cure of fungal and bacterial infections. Plants
have their own defense mechanism against the microorganism and especially mycotic
infection. The plant derived antimycotics will create a revolution in the field of a new
generation of fungicidal and bactericidal for human mycotic diseases. In recent years,
many of the research activities in India and around the world are in search for developing
plant-based medicines. As a starting material for synthesis of different kinds of drugs or
as a prototype for developing new drugs.
Folk medicine identified the antimicrobial and other medicinal values of most of these
plants
Thus the present study was taken In-vitro screen on various extracts of plants using
different solvents and isolated compounds were used to evaluate on various fungal and
bacterial strains.
MIC Such as the CLSI, NCCLS, BSAC or EUCAST as a reference to the body of a
follow these guidelines Agar disk diffusion method or can be determined by the broth
dilution Methods in general. Commerce methods E-test or Oxoid MIC Evaluator method.
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 2
Figure1: MIC determination by disk diffusion method
Ref: www.chescientific.com/.../eng/mast/mastdiscs.jpg
Introduction to Fungus
In digests its food externally and fungal cells absorb nutrient molecules that are
eukaryotic organisms. Mycology is the study of fungi. Including fungi, yeasts, molds, and
fleshy,This is close to, live off organic matter obtainsaprophytes, or nutrientParasites;
Fungus.They eukaryotic, a rigid cell wall, both chemoheterotrophs (organic carbon and
energy sources) by the absorption of the nutrients that are necessary for the theOrganic
Compounds of the organic matter. 100,000 species of fungi, only 100 species are
pathogenic to animals. They decay and used by industry to produce a variety of useful
products theIs because by their ability to play a role in nutrient recycling amajor.
However, they alsoWaste and many undesirable economic effects, such as fruits, grains,
and vegetables, as well as the destruction of wood produces and unpreservedLeather
Products.
The most common fungi associated with a particular immunocompromisedpatients:
� Candida species, Aspergillus species, Phycomyces species
� Candida, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Histoplasma (Cellular immunity or tissue
transplants);
� Zygomyces, Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia (Diabetes); Zygomyces (steroid therapy);
� Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma (malignancies as in leukemia and lymphoma, and
Hodgkin's disease);
� Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma. (AIDS)
Some specific incidence and death rate of mycoses were also investigated. Candida
species, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Aspergillus, and Histoplasma following the
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 3
infection, was responsible for.Consistent with their role as opportunistic; fungi have
becomeimportant nosocomial pathogens.
Table 1: Estimation of different fungal disease in USA
Disease Incidence estimate US people
estimate
Stastic used for
calculation
Aspergillosis Approx 1in 100000 2720 1-2 per 100000 per year
Cryptococcal
meningitis
Appox 1 in 200000 1360 About 5 per million
Invasive
candidiasis
Approx 1 in 13,500 22,760 6 per 120,000 for
candidemia
Cryptococcosis
Approx 1in 500,000 544 0.5-0.8 cases per
130,000 in the general
population
Table 2: List of antifungal drugs with their use and side effect
Drug Common Uses Side Effects
Polyene
antifungals:
Amphotericin B Wide variety of fungal infections Chills, fever, headache, vomiting;
lowered blood potassium levels,
kidney damage, anemia
Nystatin
Oral Candidiasis. &
gut Candidiasis,
No
significant adverse effects
Natamycin
fungal
conjunctivitis, blepharitis and
keratitis
Fluconazole Candida and other fungal
infections, including
cryptococcus
Liver toxicity but less than that
with ketoconazole
Itraconazole Candida and other fungal Nausea, diarrhea, liver toxicity but
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 4
infections less than that with ketoconazole
Ketoconazole
Candida and other fungal
infections
Nausea and vomiting, blocked
production of testosterone and
cortisol, liver toxicity
Voriconazole Aspergillus and Candida Visual disturbance
Terbinafine
Treatment of onychomycosis of
the toenail or fingernail due to
dermatophytes.
Caspofungin Aspergillus and possibly
Candida
Fever, nausea, inflammation of
veins
Nucleoside
Antifungals:
Flucytosine Candida and Cryptococcus
infections
Bone marrow and kidney damage
Introduction to Bacteria
Bacteria, one celled, prokaryote microorganisms are a major group. Especially to a few
micrometers, bacteria are a wide range of shapes. Environment and with these steps,
depending on the organisms as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation bacteria fermentation,
nutrient recycling is important. However, most bacteria are classified, and only about half
of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of
bacteria, bacteriology, microbiology, and is known as a branch.
General Characteristics of Bacteria
Bacteria Actinobacteria, can be extended to form filaments. Filamentous bacteria, many
individual cells that are surrounded by the mantle. Genus Nocardia species such as
certain types, but similar in appearance to fungal mycelia complex, branched filaments,
forming.2, 3
Microbes as pathogens and parasites
Most bacteria are harmless or beneficial, however, a few pathogenic bacteria can cause
infectious diseases. The most common bacterial diseases in sub-Saharan Africa almost 2
million people affected by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TB disease.
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Pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella can be caused by
bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas can be caused by bacteria such as
pneumonia and other globally important diseases, and contribute to food-based diseases.
Pathogenic bacteria and tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis and Hansen's disease
as a cause of infection. Sometimes bacteria can be killed by antibiotics. They usually
range between 1-5 micrometers off.
Human pathogenic bacteria species:
Sheep, species¬goats and horses in contact with spore-contaminated dust Bacillus
anthracis inhalation or skin penetration through abrasions causes anthrax. Pulmonary,
gastrointestinalanthrax¬ Brucella abortus, Brucella canis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella
suis species of oral contact with infected animals, unpasteurized milk or milk products by
taking Brucellosis causes Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria¬Respiratory
droplets of human flora species in contact with the ¬ Escherichia coli (usually) part of
the gut flora in contact with the species abundance extraintestinally spreading or GI tract
urinary tract infection (UTI), diarrhea, infants, meningitis causes With the species
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis droplet contact¬For example, ¬ aureus
species on the mucosa in contact with human flora Coagulase positive staphylococcal
infection through wounds enter the anterior nares and vagina, local skin infection, skin
infection Diffuse
Table 3: List of antibiotic drugs with their use and side effect
Drug Common Uses Side Effects
Amino glycosides
• Amikacin
• Gentamycin
• Kanamycin
• Neomycin
• Tobramycin
Infections caused by Gram-
negative bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella particularly
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Effective against Aerobic
bacteria (not
obligate/facultative anaerobes)
Hearing loss ,Vertigo,
Kidney
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 6
and tularemi
Cephalosporin
First generation
• Cefadroxil
• Cefazolin
• Cefalotin
• Cefalexin
Good coverage against Gram
positive infections
Gastrointestinal upset and
diarrhea, Nausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently),Allergic
reactions
Second generation
• Cefaclor
• Cefamandole
• Cefoxitin
• Cefprozil
• Cefprozil
Less gram positive cover,
improved gram negative
cover.
Gastrointestinal upset and
diarrhea, Nausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently),Allergic
reactions
Third generation
• Cefixime
• Cefdinir
• Cefditoren
• Cefoperazone
• Cefpodoxime
Improved coverage of Gram
negative organisms, except
Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram
positive cover
Gastrointestinal upset and
diarrhea, Nausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently),Allergic
reactions
Fourth generation
• Cefepime
Covers pseudomonal
infections.
Gastrointestinal upset and
diarrhea, Nausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently),Allergic
reactions
Fifth generation
• Ceftobiprole
Used to treat MRSA Gastrointestinal upset and
diarrhea, Nausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently),Allergic
reactions
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Macrolide
• Azithromycin
• Clarithromycin
• Dirithromycin
• Erythromycin
• Roxithromycin
Streptococcal infections,
syphilis, upper respiratory
tract infections, lower
respiratory tract infections,
mycoplasmal infections,
• Troleandomycin Lyme disease Nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea (especially at
higher doses),Jaundice
Nitro furans
• Furazolidone
• Nitrofurantoin
Bacterial diarrhea ,
Urinary tract infections
β-lactam ring
Penicillins
• Penicillin G
• Penicillin V
• Oxacillin
• Cloxacillin
• Ampicillin
• Amoxicillin
Wide range of infections;
penicillin used for
streptococcal infections,
syphilis, and Lyme disease
Gastrointestinal upset and
diarrhea, Allergy with
serious reactions, Brain
and kidney damage (rare)
Tetracycline
• Oxytetracycline
• Minocycline
• Doxycycline
Syphilis, chlamydial
infections, Lyme disease,
mycoplasmal infections, acne
rickettsial infections, *malaria
Gastrointestinal upset
Sensitivity to sunlight
Potential toxicity to
mother and fetus during
pregnancy
Enamel hypoplasia
(staining of teeth;
potentially
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Plant based antifungal and antibacterial drugs:
New Antifungal and antibacterial agent, the need for immune compromised patients,
opportunistic infections, and fueled by the development of resistance to existing agents,
continues. A virtually unlimited source of unique molecules, natural products, and fungal
and microbial biology to new potential drugs and drug tests for prototype work as a
collector, but not only.
Different plant having antifungal potency:
Garlic Allium sativum (Alliaceae): lipids and cholesterol lowering and antifungal activity
Bhungraja Eclipta alba (Asteraceae) :used for hair and skin care
Aloe Vera Aloe barbadensis Mill,Aloe vulgaris (Asphodelaceae): Hair and skin treatment
Neem Azadirachta Indica (Meliaceae): blood purifier, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal
treatment
Gaertn.Terminalia belerica. (Combertaceae): antimalarial and antifungal activity
Different plant having antibacterial potency:
Sandalwood Santalum album (Rutaceae): cosmetic industry and antibacterial activity
Neem Azadirachta Indica (Meliaceae): blood purifier, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial
activity treatment
Cloves Syzygium aromaticum(Myrtaceae): carminative, anthelmintic.aromatherapy and
antibacterial activity
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus occidentalis(Myrtaceae): natural insecticide, drain swamps ,anti
-bacterial activity
permanent)transient
depression of bone growth
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1. Sapindus emarginatus
Botanical Name: Sapindus emarginatus VAHL.
Family: SAPINDACEAE
Habit: Tree
Threat Status: Low Risk-Least Concerned / Regional
Used In: Ayurveda, Folk and Unani
Distribution
The southern species is native to India, globally distributed in India, Sri Lanka and
Myanmar. Within India, it is common in peninsular India. It is also cultivated on avenues
or for ornamental purposes7, 8.
Common Uses
vomit, and laxation induces abortion. Useful headache, toxic love, skin diseases, itching,
boils and kapha diseases. A burning sensation in the body, burning sensation in the case
of fruit paste is applied externally headache Fruit juice is used as a Nasal drop in
headache /hemicranias
Trade Name
Aritha ,aritha, aritha bada (no.1), aritha dal, chal, aritha phal, reetha, ritha, ritha
naya,reetha, rita, soapnut,reetha, ritha, soapnuts
Table 4: Language and vernacular name of Sapindus emarginatus
Language
(No. of Names)
Vernacular Name
Arabic (2) findaqe-hindi or fandaqe-hindi, bandaqe-hindi
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 10
Hindi (4) ritha, rithah, ritha or rithah, reetha
Kannada (12) kookatakayi, kudale-kaye, kukate-kayi, noorekayi, urvanjik-kaya,
aralakai, andala, puchakotte, aratala, antaala, nore kaayoi, thogate mara
Malayalam (4) chavakayimaram, punnan-kotta, urvanjik-kaya, uruangi
Marathi (3) aritha, rimgi, rimthi Oriya (1)ritha Persian (1)ratah
Sanskrit (4) arishta, arishtaphalam, aristam, phenila
Tamil (20) ponnankottai, manipungan maram, poovandikottai, kottan,
manipunkam, ponnan-kittai, poongan-kottay, poongankottai,
punnangkottai, puvandi, manay poongung kai, poovandie cottay,
naikottai, pucha, bunthikottai, puvamkottai, poochi-kai, pungan-
kottaei, nalkottai, pounanga
Telugu (9) kukudu-kayalu, kungititkaya, kunkudu-chettu, kunkudu-kayalu,
kunkudu, rittachettu, kukudu, kookudu chettu, kunkudu chett
2. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Botanical Name: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Family: MALVACEAE
Habit: Shrub
Used In: Ayurveda, Folk, Unani and Sidha
Distribution
This species is a native to China, globally distributed in the Pantropics. Within India, it is
grown as an ornamental plant in gardens throughout and often planted as a hedge or fence
plant.
Common Uses
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 11
Hibiscus flower preparations are used for hair care. The flowers themselves are edible
and are used in salads in the Pacific Islands. The flowers are used to shine shoes in parts
of India.It a pH indicator indicator.China green magenta / dark pink solution turns acidic
and basic solutions of roses. It is also used to worship the goddess and especially red are
an important part of the system. Indonesia, the flowers literally "shoe flower" is the
"kembang sepatu", is called. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Chinese herbology is believed to
have a number of medical applications.
Trade Name
chemparathiveru, chemparathiyila, chemparathiyila pacha, jaasvanti phool (lal),
jashwanti, jaswand, japa, jasvanti phool (safed), javaphool, jawa phool / gurhal, jawaful ,
hibiscus flower
Table 5: Language and vernacular name of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Language
(No. of Names)
Vernacular Name
Arabic (3) angharae-hindi, angharaehindi, angharae--hindi
Hindi (10) gudhal, jassoon, jasum, jasund, jasut, java, odhul, guthur, jasun, gurhal
Kannada (16) dasanige, dasanihu, dasavala, dasavana, kempupundrika, nadeya,
dasalagida, daasaala, daasanige, daasari hoo, daasavaala,
kempupundrike, dasala, dasana, dasanapu, daswala
Marathi (7) jasund, jasavanda, dasindachaphula, jassvandi, jaasavand, darshan,
jasvand
Sanskrit (19) arkapriya, aruna, harivallabha, japa, japaapushpa, japapushpa,
japapushpam, java, joba, odhrapushpa, odrapuspa, ondrakhya,
ondrapuspi, oundrapuspa, pratika, raktapushpi, rogapuspi,
rudhrapushpa, trisandhya
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3. Mirabilis jalapa L.
Botanical Name: Mirabilis jalapa L.
Family: NYCTAGINACEAE
Habit : Herb
Used In: Ayurveda, Folk, Unani and Sidha
Distribution
Distribute this species, native to Peru in the tropics, and cultivated in all tropical regions.
Within India, it is cutlivated throughout and is met with as an escape in many places.
Uses
The flowers are used in food coloring. The leaves are cooked and eaten, but only one can
be used as emergency food. An edible crimson color cake and jelly in herbal medicine are
derived from the flowers, plant parts, a diuretic, purgative, and for vulnerary (wound
healing) can be used as objectives. Root as well as a diuretic and purgative is considered
aphrodisiac. It is used to treat ascites. The leaves are used to reduce inflammation. A
decoction of them (mashing and boiling) is used to treat abscesses. Leaf juice can be used
to treat wounds. Powder, some varieties of seeds are used as a cosmetic and color. The
seeds are considered poisonous.
Table 6: Language and vernacular name of Mirabilis jalapa L.
Language
(No. of Names)
Vernacular Name
Arabic (1) zahr-ul-ajl
Assamese (1) godhuligopa
Bengali (1) krishnakeli
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 13
English (3) four-o clock plant, marvel of peru, false jalap
Hindi (5) gulabash, gulabbas, gule-aabbas, guleaabbas, gulabans
Kannada (20) chandra-mallige, chandramallige, gulamaji, madhyanha malligay,
madhyanhamallige, sanja-mallige, sanjamallige, sanjimallige, chandra
mallige, naalku ghante hoo, madhyaana mallige, vibhoothi gida, naalku
gante hoovu, sanje amllige, chandra mallige, gulabaasa, gullumunchi,
kalluli, madhyahna mallige, naalku gante hoo
Malayalam (6) andi-malleri, anthimalari, anti-malari, anti-mantaram, antimalari,
antimantaram
Manipuri (1) mugalei
Marathi (5) gulbas, gulbaashi, saayankaali, emdraks, meremdi
Mizoram (1) aratukkhuan
Tamil (53) antinarulu, pattarachi, pattarashu, antimalli, andimalligai,
andimandarai, andimalli, bhathrakshi, patrashi, anthi-mallikai,
antimantarai, anti, antippu, antimantaram, antimallai, antimallikai,
annmalarntan, antimalarakikam, antimalari, antimalakikacceti,
ammukkili, arukolacceti, arukolam, kanankacikam, kenta, cantira
mallikai, cannata vali, civappuantimalli, tivacttiyaceti, tivacattiyam,
tumpara mallikai, taimilamuli, taittilamulicceti, pattaracu, pattiratcam,
pattiratci, pattiraksi, paruvatikantam, malai antimalli,
malaiantimalligaicceti, ripuncakaceti, ripuncakam, antimalarantan,
cannatavali, cantiramallikai, kenta 2, malaiyantimalli,
malaiyantimallikaicceti, paruvaikkantam, ripuncakacceti, taittilamuli,
tivacattiyacceti, tumparamallikai
4. Euphorbia tirucalli L
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 14
Botanical Name: Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Family: EUPHORBIACEAE
Habit: Shrub
Used In: Ayurveda, Folk, Unani and Sidha
Distribution
African origin, this species, global Paleotropics distribution. Within India, it is especially
dry parts of Bengal and South India, is neutral, and mostly grown in defense.
Common uses
Their uses in traditional medicine in many cultures. The cancer, excrescences, tumors,
and Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Malabar, such as is used to treat warts in
different places. Also, asthma, cough, ear use, neuralgia, rheumatism, toothache and the
warts are applying. Cancer treatment9, 10 milk bush is some interest. Burkitt's lymphoma
is associated with the Euphorbia Tirucalli and treatment of disease rather than as a
cofactor has been
Table 7: Language and vernacular name of Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Language
(No. of Names)
Vernacular Name
Arabic (2) zaqqume-hindi, azfur zukkum
Bengali (2) siju, lanka sij
English (1) tirucalli rubber
Hindi (16) barki-sehund, barki-thohar, konpahlsehnd, konpal-sehnd, sehnd, sehnr,
sehud, sehund, sendh, shirthohar, sindh, thohra, konpal, angli thor,
gangli-thor, anglithor
Kannada (32) bonta-kalli, bottugalli, kalli, kodukalli, kolugalli, kolukalli, mondukalli,
nandugalli, pachanegalli, yellegulla, kolu kalli, kodugalli,
mundugalika, mundugalli, pacchaneballi, taria, bontakalli, bontekalli,
kadunevali, kodekalli, mondugalli, munukalli, nandukalli, nundugalli,
paccanegalli, pachan, bottu kalli, jiggalli, jiggu kalli, kodu galli, kolu
galli, nandu galli
Malayalam (11) guda, kalli, katerumakkalli, kol-kalli, kolkalli, tiruk-kalli, tirukalli,
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 15
kateruma, katterumakkalli, tirucalli, tirukkalli
Marathi (13) nevli, thuvar, shar, seyr, tej, kada nivali, nirval, nivla, seyrteg, shera,
vajraduhu, nival, portugali
Oriya (7) vajradruma
Sanskrit (14) bahukshira, dandasruha, dandathuhara, dugdhika, ganderi, kampillaka,
satala, snuhi, snuk, snuka, trikantaka, trikuntaka, vajradruma,
vajravrksah
Telugu (24) chemudu, jemudu, jemudu-kadalu, kada-jemudu, kadajamudi,
kadujemudu, kalli, kanjijemudu, sannajemudu, jamudu, manchi
jamudu, kanchi jemudu, sanna jemudu, cemudu, chemadu,
kancijemudu, kundigi, sannajamudu, kaadu jemmudu, kanji jemudu,
pullajeedikada, pullakada, thirugu jemmudu, thirukalli
5. Vitex negundo L.
Botanical Name: Vitex negundo L.
Variety: purpurascens
Family: VERBENACEAE
Used In: Ayurveda
Common uses
V. negundo leaves discutient features and arthritis in the joints and swellings sprains
apply. They swellings from rheumatic arthritis and sprains can be applied locally. The
juice of the leaves is used for the treatment of fetid discharges.
Table 8: Language and vernacular name of Vitex negundo L
Language
(No. of Names)
Vernacular Name
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 16
Malayalam (2) karinocci, nocci
Sanskrit (1) nirgundi
Hindi (5) Mewri,Nirgundi,Nisinda, Sambhalu, Sawbhalu
Malayalam(1) Indrani
Punjabi(4) Banna,Marwan, Maura, Mawa, Swanjan Torbanna
Tamil (5) Chinduvaram,Nirnochchi, Nochchi, Notchi, Vellai-nochchi
Telugu(4) Sindhuvara,Vavili, Nalla-vavili, Tella-vavili
6. Saussurea lappa C.B.CL
Botanical Name: Saussurea lappa C.B.CL.
Family: ASTERACEAE
Used In: Ayurveda, Folk, Tibetian, Unani and Sidha
Distribution:
This species is endemic to India between 2500-3600 meters high are found only in
Kashmir. It is grown in Kashmir valley and the Himalayan.
Uses
Their uses in traditional medicine in many cultures. The cancer, excrescences, tumors,
and Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Malabar, such as is used to treat warts in
different places. Also, asthma, cough, ear use, neuralgia, rheumatism, toothache and the
warts are applying. There is some interest in milk bush as a cancer treatment11, 12.
Trade Name
kooth, kottam, kuth, kuth / uplit, kuth meetha, pohkar mool, uplet, uplet (kuth), uplet
basal imphal, uplet basal moti, uplet meethi, kuth, kuth (sweet), pushkarmool
(pokharmool), kuth mota /barik, kuth (bitter),kutki
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SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 17
Table 9: Language and vernacular name of Saussurea lappa C.B.CL
Language
(No. of Names)
Vernacular Name
Malayalam (4) kottam, seppudday, sepuddy, simakkottam
Sanskrit (50) agada, amaya, apya, bhasura, dushta, gada, gadakhya, gadavha,
gadavhaya, haribhadraka, jarana, kadakhya, kakala, kashmirja,
kashtam, kasmira, kaubera, kinjalka, kushta, kushtam, kushtha, kustha,
kusthah, kustham, kuthika, kutsita, niruja, padmaka, pakala, pakalam,
palaka, paribhadraka, paribhavya, pauskara, pavana, puskara,
puskaramula, rama, roga, rogavhaya, ruja, ruk, ruka, utpala, utpalam,
vaniraja, vapya, vyadhi, vyapya, ja
Hindi (10) koostha, kootha, kot, kur, kust, kut, kuth, pachak, pokharmul, koot
Malayalam(4) kottam, seppudday, sepuddy, simakkottam
Persian (1) kust
Tamil (15) goshtam, gostham, kostam, kostum, putchuk, kottam, kura, oli, chagal
koshtam, gostan, jathikoshtam, koshtam, katakuvayam, kostam 2,
kutavapiritam
Telugu(7) cengala, changala, chengulva, kostamu, kostu, kustam, kushtamu
Urdu (7) qust, quest shirin, qust-shirin, karwa koth, qust shirin, qust talkh, qust-
i-talkh
Medicine, Ayurveda, the Indian system based on modern research and development and
less effort has been made to improve practice. Today, medicinal plants and associated
(mental illness of Management), Bala system (pediatrics), continued deforestation and
depletion of environmental Agada Tantra (Toxicology), Bhuta Vidya aggravated by the
expansion of modern education in various Ayurvedic formulations in various literature
reviews, the plant Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been hard to show
that.It is easier to protect patient repeadily.
Chapter-I Introduction & literature review
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 18
1. L.V. Buwa et al [2006] carried out antimicrobial activity of natural plants used against
diseases on an Aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts in South Africa.
2. R. C. Jagessar et al [2007] reported antimicrobial activity of natural plants of Luffa
operculata against Peltophorum pterocarpum.
3. B. Mahesh et al [2008] carried out antibacterial and antifungal activity on Methanol
leaf Acacia nilotica, Sida cordifolia, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and
extract of Ziziphus mauritiana.
4. C. Delahaye et al [2009] patented out investigation Crude extracts from natural herb
leaves Callistemon viminalisa on a Methanol, hexane and aqueous extracts
5. G.Sashikala Devi et al [2009] carried out antimicrobial activities of Luffa Cylindrica
(Linn) ethanolic extracts was found to be the most effective and showed The Zone of
Inhibition (mm) at various concentrations of ethanolic extract of Luffa cylindrica was
found to the range 50 mg/ml to150 mg/ml on tested all the test organisms.
6. S. Sasidharan et al [2009] reported on Swietenia mahagoni crude methanol for
antifungal activity and antibacterial activity
7. N. Toudert et al [2009] reported on Ampelodesma mauritanica for Butanolic and
antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts
8. G.S. Chakraborthy et al [2009] reported out on Mirabilus jalap leaf extracts on five
different crude extracts for antimicrobial activity
9. K. Girija et al [2010] carried out investigation on Bombax Malabaricum for the
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of bark extracts
10. R. Vijaya bharathi et al [2010] reported out Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of
on various leaf extracts of Barringtonia acutangula.
11. G.Gunaselvi et al [2010] reported anti bacterial and antifungal Activity of leaves, on
a petroleum ether Hardwickia binata Roxb (Caesalpinaceae) extracts chloroform and
ethanolic leaves extracts of Hardwickia binataroxb (Caesalpinaceae).
12. J. Noor et al [2010] thuja occidentalis, vernonia anthelmintica, dryopteris
Chrysocoma and trachyspermum ammi methanolic extracts of natural plants conducted to
evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and Antifungal activities were tested
Chapter-I Introduction & literature review
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 19
13. Akilandeswari .S et.al [2010] carried antimicrobial activity studies for leaf extracts
of Sida acuta L. Two common solvents i.e chloroform and ethanol (35%) were used
successively for extraction of active principles from the dried powdered leaves.
14. R.Mahajan et al [2010] carried out significance report Blumea lacera various
extracts were checked for possible microbial contamination
15. N.R. Bhalodia et al [2011] carried out significance report of Cassia fistula Lin for
the microbial activity.
16. W. Islam et al [2010] carried out significance report of Solanum torvum in two
different organic solvents chloroform and methanol for the microbial infections
17. Shibumon George et al [2010] carried out antimicrobial screening studies for
identifying a plant with potential antimicrobial activity of Flacourtia inermis Roxb were
used for studying their antibacterial property
18. Didem fiöhretolu et al [2007] reported antibacterial and antifungal activities of
Quercusmacranthera subsp. syspirensis; Q. cerris, Q. pubescens, and Q.coccifera were
investigated using broth microdilution.
19. Gupta raj Narayan et al [2010] Achryanthesaspera microbial activity report of the
holiday, Alternanthepungens, Cynodon dactylon against Bacillus subtilis was examined,
Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas agar diffusion technique using aeroginosa
20. Ranajit K. Banerjee et al [2002] carried out investigation on Azadirachta indica for
antimicrobial ctivity
21. Senthamarai R.S et al [2010] carried out. Antimicrobial activity studies for Sida
acuta L.to determine tne MIC and ZI
22. Bashir Ahmad et al [2010] carried out Antimicrobial activity of Polygonum
persicaria
23. Krishna a et al [2007] carried out investigation of Embelia ribes foe microbial
activity on of the ethanol extract of the leaves
24. R.B Vijaya et al [2010] carried out extraction and evaluation screening on various
extracts of acutangula Barringtonia for
25. Noor. J et al [2010] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
Chapter-I Introduction & literature review
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 20
26. Chowdhury et al [2009] screening of leaf extracts of Verbenaceae evaluated
Antibacterial and antifungal activity
27. Kalimuthu K. et al [2010] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity on Jatropha curcas L.
28. Al-Zoreky N. S. et al [2009] studied antimicrobial activity of Punica granatum L for
the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
29. Hülya Orak H et al [2011] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for
the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity
30. Patil R. H. et al [2009] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity of Aegle marmelos Linn
31. Yadav N.P. et al [2009 reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
32. Abba Danaldi et al [2009 reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
33. Adenike Okunlola et al [2007] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for
the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
34. Ajay K. Gautam et al [2009] was carried out on inspection herbal materials used in
Triphala preparation for the detection of fungal and bactiral strains activity for ZI and
MIC
35. A. Sharma et al [2008] was carried out on inspection on natural plants for the
stability and standardization of various natural plants used for extraction to determine the
fugal and bacterial activity
36. Archana Gautam et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants
to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
37. Aziz Nagy et al [1998] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to
analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
38. Bandaranayake M. W et al [2006] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants
for the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
39. Chitrarekha Kulkarni et al [2010] reviewed that according to WHO standards,
values of the microbial limits should not exceed 105/g for total aerobic bacteria, 103/g for
Chapter-I Introduction & literature review
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 21
yeast and moulds, 10/g for E. coli whereas Salmonellae, Staphylococci and Pseudomonas
should totally be absent.
40. Hardik K. Soni et al [2010] analyzed Manjistha, Kokam and Punarnava for
Microbial analysis and revealed that these herbal drugs shown < 10 cfu/gm total bacterial
counts.
41. Kalaiselvan V. et al [2010] reviewed and suggested that as the use of herbal
preparations by patients is increasing, there is an urgent need for pharmacists and
physicians to have knowledge about the safety of these preparations.
42. Kedzia B. et al. et al [1989] reviewed that the antimicrobial activity of drug plants
had been studied in India and abroad but there is very less literature regarding microbial
contamination of herbal drugs however some workers have reported fungi from plants
part used in drug preparation.
43. Kunle et al [2012] was carried out on inspection on natural plants for the stability
and standardization of various natural plants used for extraction to determine the fugal
and bacterial activity
44. Mruthyumjaya meda rao et al [2011] investigated the herbal formulations for
heavy metals and pesticides residues and found that heavy metals and pesticides residues
are beyond the WHO specifications.
45. Nakajima K. et al [2005] stated that natural plants for the stability and
standardization of various natural plants used for extraction to determine the fugal and
bacterial activity
46. Nandna Khurana et al [2010] Investigated the five herbal formulation and found
that total Yeast and mould count in all five samples is beyond the prescribed limits of
WHO
47. Ogbonnia S. O, et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to
analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
48. Okoko, F. J. et al [2010] studied the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus saereus from wound infections to the gel and ethanolic leaf extracts of
Aloe vera plants.
49. Okunlola Adenike et al [2007] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants
to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
Chapter-I Introduction & literature review
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 22
50. Oluyege J. O. et al [2010] investigated microbial contamination of some herbal
products hawked in Ado-Ekiti metropolis. They have hawked eight herbal medicines and
investigated to bacteriological examination.
51. Santosh Mk et al [2004] investigated the microbiological analysis of various
marketed herbal products using total plate count.
52. Parmar S et al [2011] analyzed the Zymodyne syrup for microbial content and found
that were absent while yeast, moulds and total aerobic viable were present below the
prescribed limit.
53. Sherikar A. S et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to
analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
55. Soni Hardik K. et al [2010] analyzed the capsule containing herbal drug as per
procedures of Indian pharmacopoeia 2007 and WHO Guideline.
54. Sunita Panchawat et al [2009] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants
to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
55. Ukani krunal A. et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to
analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
56. Cheterjee et al[1992] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to analysis
antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
57. Gilani A et al [2005 was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to analysis
antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
58. Shanmugakumar.S.D. et al [2008] was carried out on investigation on medicinal
plants to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
59. N. Toudert et al [2009] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.of Ampelodesma mauritanica
60. G.S. Chakraborthy et al [2009] reported out antibacterial and antifungal studies of
Mirabilus jalap leaf extracts to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
61. K. Girija et al [2010] Fungal and bacterial analysis of the antimicrobial activity of
bark extracts of Bombax Malabaricum antimicrobial activity evaluation conducted
62. F. Hussain et al [2010] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
Chapter-I Introduction & literature review
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 23
63. B. Sharma et al [2008] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the
determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.
64. Bari M.A et al [2009] reported antimicrobial evaluation of Solanum torvum
65. N. Sarojini et al [2012] reported the to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and
bacteria
66. K. Komaleeswari et al [2012] Fungal and bacterial analysis of the antimicrobial
activity of the bark of Delonix elata antibacterial and antifungal potential to check out
with a purpose
67. R. Saravanan et al [2012] reviewed the to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal
and bacteria extracts of Euphorbia hirta
68. C. M Asif Iqbal et al [2012] Review the ethanol, distilled water, methanol and
chloroform roots of Tinospora Crispa vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts.
Extracts of Euphorbia hirta
69. D.Kanimozhi et al [2012] Ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, Hexane and
Cynodon dactylon (L.) individuals of the petroleum ether extract of the antimicrobial
activity were reviewed. (Family - Poaceae) for the analysis of fungal and bacterial
antimicrobial activity tested
70. S. A. Manjari et al [2012] reported benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate,
ethanol and Albizzia lebbek (L), methanol extracts of the leaves of the in vitro
antibacterial activity of fungal and bacterial analysis of the antimicrobial activity
71. G. P Singh et al [2012] carried out the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera tree
is known as a Miracle tree as almost every part of this tree possesses product useful for
humans. to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
72. P. Jain et al [2012] reported the to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
antibacterial activity of a new flavone glycoside from the seeds of cassia sophera linn
gainst Bacillus coagulas, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aerugenosa
73. C. Baskaran et al [2012] reported antimicrobial evaluation of Acalypha indica was
tested to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
74. S.S Narayan et al [2012] reviewed the methanolic extract of leaf, flower and stem of
Leonotis nepetifolia was analyzed for antibacterial activity
Chapter-I Introduction & literature review
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 24
75. S G. Killeda at al [2012] reported the nine different solvents based on extractive
values were used for extraction to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
76. M. B .Cyriac et al [2012] reported the husk fibres of Areca catechu (areca nut) are
reported to be used by the people of rural areas of Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka for
cleaning their teeth to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria
78. M. Chitraa et al [2003] tested Embelin to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and
bacteria they showed Embelin showed significant antibacterial activity mostly in the
higher concentration.