Download - Introduction
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Image courtesy Ferrum College
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The scientific study of the behavior of living things.
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What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and
mental processes of living things
Scientific? Not just common sense or guesses Scientific method
Behavior – what people do on the outside
Mental Processes –cognition.
Living Things - Psychology includes the study of both humans and animals
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Essential Question:
How do the different approaches to psychology compare and contrast?
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Approaches to the field of Psychology
1. Psychodynamic
2. Cognitive
3. Behavioral
4. Humanistic
5. Neurobiological
6. Social
7. Evolutionary
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How would one explain the behavior of Dennis Rodman?
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Psychodynamic Psychology
Personality theory that says behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Unconscious is a dynamic cauldron of primitive drives, forbidden desires and nameless fears
Psychoanalysis – patient lies on a couch and recounts dreams and conducts free association.
Sigmund Freud
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Cognitive Psychology
School of psychology that studies mental processesThinking, feeling, remembering, making
decisions and judgments Studies how we encode, process, store,
and retrieve information. Studies behavior and makes inferences
about the mental processes behind the behavior
Thanks to new technologies like CAT scans, MRIs and fMRIs, we can open the black box.
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Behavioral
Studies observable behavior focusing on how we learn, react and manipulate our environment.
We learn observable responses through conditioning.
Mind is a BLACK BOX. Can’t see it? Don’t study it. Big names
Pavlov – Dogs Watson – Little Albert Skinner – Operant Conditioning
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Self-concept?Self-talk?Feelings?
Decision Making Process?
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Humanistic Psychology Emphasizes nonverbal experiences and altered
states of consciousness as a means of realizing one’s full human potential
Importance of love, belonging, human potential, and self-esteem.
Abraham Maslow, Carl Roberts
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Biological Psychology Investigates the biological basis of human
behavior, thoughts and emotions. Looks at effect of biological mechanisms.BrainNeurotransmittersHormonesDrugs (both legal and illegal)Gender differences in brain structure and
function
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Sociocultural Psychology Study of how people influence one another Topics include:
First impressionsInterpersonal attractionAttitude formationPrejudiceBehavior in a groupObedience to Authority
Some Applications include:Support groupsFamily TherapySensitivity Training
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Why are some people considered beautiful?
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Evolutionary Psychology Asks the question: How did our species get to be the
way we are?Language – Why do we talk?Altruism – Why are we nice to each other?Sexual attraction / mate selection – Why are some people
considered beautiful?
Answers these questions by looking at what would most help us pass on our genetic code.
Very concerned with reproduction!
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Careers in Psychology
1. Clinical and counseling
2. Developmental
3. Educational
4. Experimental
5. Human factors
6. Industrial–organizational
7. Personality
8. Psychometric
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1. Clinical and Counseling Psychology
About 50% of all Psychologists.
Counseling psychologists dealvwith “normal” problems, such as stress caused by career change or marital problems
Counseling psychologist’s focus more on the psychologically healthy individual where clinical focuses on individuals with serious mental illness (e.g. schizophrenia).
Clinical psychologists are concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Split time between treatment and researching the cause of psychological disorders and the effectiveness of different types of psychotherapy and counseling.
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2. Developmental Psychology Study of physical and mental growth
from birth to old age study of changing abilities from womb to
tomb Subfields
Child psychologyAdolescent psychologyLife-span psychology
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3. Educational Psychology
School Psychologist psychological evaluations consult with school personnel in relation to
students’ learning, behavior, and environments
they are trained to look at the effectiveness of academic programs, classroom agendas, and treatment interventions, which assists in the development of specific interventions.
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4. Experimental Psychology Design research experiments May or may not have a direct impact on the
treatment of patients Animal subjects Drug trials
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5. Human Factors The science of understanding the properties of
human capability (Human Factors Science). The application of this understanding to the
design, development and deployment of systems and services (Human Factors Engineering).
The art of ensuring successful application of Human Factors Engineering to a programme (sometimes referred to as Human Factors Integration).It can also be called ergonomics.
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6. Industrial and Organizational Psychology Study of psychological principles in
industry and business Examples
Selecting and training personnelProductivity improvementOptimizing working conditionsManaging the impact of automation on
workers
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7. Personality Psychology Study of how people differ from one
another on traits such asConscientiousnessAgreeablenessNeuroticismOpennessExtraversion
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7. Psychometrics
Test creation Validity Reliablity Culture fair Statistics
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Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders
Practiced by physicians who sometimes use medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychotherapy
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Licenses in Psychology
Psychologists - Ph.D., Psy.D. Psychiatrists - M.D. Psychoanalysts - M.D. or Ph.D. Social Workers (M.S.W.) - LSW Marriage Family Therapists - M.A.