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An Introduction
toLinked Data
David Hyland-WoodUniversity of Mary Washington
Part 2 of 5Data Modeling
Monday, May 16, 2011
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Data modeling without context
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Modeling without Context
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Modeling without Context• Model the Real World
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Modeling without Context• Model the Real World
• Look for objects of interest
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Modeling without Context• Model the Real World
• Look for objects of interest
• Put aside the immediate needs of any application
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Modeling without Context• Model the Real World
• Look for objects of interest
• Put aside the immediate needs of any application
• Investigate how others are already modeling similar or related data
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Modeling without Context• Model the Real World
• Look for objects of interest
• Put aside the immediate needs of any application
• Investigate how others are already modeling similar or related data
• These techniques allow for re-use and merging
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Modeling without Context
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Modeling without Context• Look for duplication (normalise)
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Modeling without Context• Look for duplication (normalise)
• Think about time and events, as well as things
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Modeling without Context• Look for duplication (normalise)
• Think about time and events, as well as things
• Consider how the data will change over time
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Modeling without Context• Look for duplication (normalise)
• Think about time and events, as well as things
• Consider how the data will change over time
• Separate real-world (non-information resources) and online (information resources)
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Objects of Interest
Apollo 11 Command and Service Module
crewBuzz Aldrin
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Objects of Interest
Apollo 11 Command and Service Module Buzz Aldrin
crewBuzz Aldrin
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Objects of Interest
Apollo 11 Command and Service Module Buzz Aldrin
crewBuzz Aldrin
Person
a
20 January 1930
born
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Objects of Interest
Apollo 11 Command and Service Module Buzz Aldrin
crew
Buzz Aldrin
name
Person
a
20 January 1930
born
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Apollo 11 Command and Service Module
Spacecrafta
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
Cape Canaveral
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
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URIs:Naming Things
on the WebMonday, May 16, 2011
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Naming Things on the Web• Use http:// URIs
There are other URIs, but http URIs can be used to get more information quickly and easily
• Use clean, stable URIsAbstract away implementation detailsEnsure they are reliable
• There are two types of resource, both require URIsInformation Resources — Web pages, images, CSS files etc.Non-Information Resources — People, places, events, concepts etc.
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Distinguishing Resourceshttp://example.com/1969-059A ← Thing
http://example.com/1969-059A.rdf ← RDF data
http://example.com/1969-059A.html ← HTML page
http://example.com/1969-059A ← Thing
http://example.com/1969-059A/rdf ← RDF data
http://example.com/1969-059A/html ← HTML page
http://example.com/resource/1969-059A ← Thing
http://example.com/data/1969-059A ← RDF data
http://example.com/page/1969-059A ← HTML page
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http://.../topics/physicsURIs provide names for resourcesYou can say things about resources
"Physics"Literal values are displayable labelsYou can't say more things about "Physics"
Use URIs
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http://yours.com/spacecraft/1959-059AI own the domain, so I can control the meaning of the URII can also commit to its permanence and provide data at this address
http://theirs.com/spacecraft/1959-059AI don't own this domain, so I can't put any data thereThe domain owner may choose to use this URI to mean something different to me
Use Your Own Domain
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http://.../spacecraft/1959-059AThe URI contains meaningful, natural or system-neutral keys.I can route these URIs to any implementation, meaning they can live foreverBonus: I'm not advertising my technology choices
http://.../index.aspx?id=3Nobody wants to know that you're using ASP.Net, reallyHow will you keep URIs the same when you change or upgrade your technology?
Use Neutral URIs
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http://.../spacecraft/1969-059Aeveryone know what to do with http:// URIshttp:// URIs provide a quick, easy and scalable lookup mechanism
info:space/1969-059Ahttp://info-uri.infoinfo URIs require specialised knowledgeinfo URIs provide no lookup mechanism
Use http:// URIs
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http://.../spacecraft/1969-059AAnyone working with the original data can 'guess' your URIsYou can visually debug, and remember, your own URIs
http://.../809c6eNobody can guess this
Use Natural Keys
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http://.../spacecraft/1969-059AContainers help keep natural keys separateContainers provide a natural place to put lists
http://.../1969-059AWhat URI do I put a list of all the spacecraft at now?
Use Containers (sparingly)
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http://.../statistics/2010/agenciesDates provide a way to show data from a period in timeMost useful for things like statistics, samples or readings
http://.../statistics/agenciesWhere am I going to put next year's statistics?
Use Dates (sparingly)
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Distinguishing Resourceshttp://example.com/1969-059A.html#self ← Thing
http://example.com/1969-059A.html ← HTML page
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Fragment Identifiers #• Useful, with caution
• Fragment identifiers are not sent to the server
• Limits server-side decision making
• Limits granularity of the response
• Sometimes used with schema when terms link to human-readable documentation on the Web.
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Turtle:Terse RDF Triple
Language Monday, May 16, 2011
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Turtle• Terse Triple Language (TTL)
http://www.w3.org/2007/02/turtle/primer/
• A human-readable notation for RDF
• Provides useful syntax for quickly hand-writing RDF
• Forms the basis of patterns in SPARQL
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
<http://.../1969-059A> a <http://.../Spacecraft> .
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http://.../1969-059A
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ;
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ;
space:mass 28801.0 .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ;
space:mass 28801.0 .
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
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Example Turtle@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ;
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
space:mass 28801.0 .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ;
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
space:mass 28801.0 .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ;
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
space:launchsite <http://.../cape+cana...> .
space:mass 28801.0 . space:mass 28801.0 ;
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A>
a space:Spacecraft ;
space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ;
space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ;
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
<http://.../cape+cana...> space:name "Cape Canaveral, United States"@en-us .
space:launchsite <http://.../cape+cana...> .
space:mass 28801.0 . space:mass 28801.0 ;
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Example Turtle@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 ; space:launchsite <http://.../cape+cana...> .
<http://.../cape+cana...> space:name "Cape Canaveral, United States"@en-us .
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RDF/XMLMonday, May 16, 2011
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Example Turtle@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 ; space:launchsite <http://.../cape+cana...> .
<http://.../cape+cana...> space:name "Cape Canaveral, United States"@en-us .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://.../1969-059A"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://.../Spacecraft"/> </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
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Example RDF/XML<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:space="http://example.com/space-schema/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.com/space-schema/Spacecraft"> <space:name> Apollo 11 Command and Service Module </space:name> <space:launched rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"> 1969-07-16 </space:launched> <space:mass rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"> 28801 </space:mass> <space:launchsite rdf:resource="http://.../cape+cana..." /> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://.../cape+cana..."> <space:name xml:lang="en-us"> Cape Canaveral, United States </space:name> </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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Example RDF/XML
subject .
value .
property .
value .
property .
value .
property .
value .
property .
value .
property .
subject .
value .
property .
<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:space="http://example.com/space-schema/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.com/space-schema/Spacecraft"> <space:name> Apollo 11 Command and Service Module </space:name> <space:launched rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"> 1969-07-16 </space:launched> <space:mass rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"> 28801 </space:mass> <space:launchsite rdf:resource="http://.../cape+cana..." /> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://.../cape+cana..."> <space:name xml:lang="en-us"> Cape Canaveral, United States </space:name> </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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Example RDF/XML<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:space="http://example.com/space-schema/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.com/space-schema/Spacecraft"> <space:name> Apollo 11 Command and Service Module </space:name> <space:launched rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"> 1969-07-16 </space:launched> <space:mass rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"> 28801 </space:mass> <space:launchsite rdf:resource="http://.../cape+cana..." /> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://.../cape+cana..."> <space:name xml:lang="en-us"> Cape Canaveral, United States </space:name> </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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Example RDF/XML<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:space="http://example.com/space-schema/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<space:Spacecraft rdf:about="http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.com/space-schema/Spacecraft"> <space:name> Apollo 11 Command and Service Module </space:name> <space:launched rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"> 1969-07-16 </space:launched> <space:mass rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"> 28801 </space:mass> <space:launchsite rdf:resource="http://.../cape+cana..." /> </space:Spacecraft> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://.../cape+cana..."> <space:name xml:lang="en-us"> Cape Canaveral, United States </space:name> </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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Example RDF/XML<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:space="http://example.com/space-schema/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<space:Spacecraft rdf:about="http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A">
<space:name> Apollo 11 Command and Service Module </space:name> <space:launched rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"> 1969-07-16 </space:launched> <space:mass rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"> 28801 </space:mass> <space:launchsite> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://.../cape+cana..."> <space:name xml:lang="en-us"> Cape Canaveral, United States </space:name> </rdf:Description> </space:launchsite> </space:Spacecraft>
</rdf:RDF>
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Other RDF FormatsMonday, May 16, 2011
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Writing RDF• Turtle
Easily human readable, to become a W3C Recommendation (standard)
• RDF/XMLMachine to Machine Transfer, W3C Recommendation (standard)
• N-TriplesOne statement per line, subset of Turtle, grep compatible
• RDF/JSONUseful for AJAX Applications and anything with else JSON support
• RDFaWriting RDF within HTML pages
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Example Turtle@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 ; space:launchsite <http://.../cape+cana...> .
<http://.../cape+cana...> space:name "Cape Canaveral, United States"@en-us .
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Example N-Triples<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://example.com/space-schema/Spacecraft> .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/name> "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/launched> "1969-07-16"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date> .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/mass> "28801"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/launchsite> <http://.../cape+cana...> .<http://.../cape+cana...> <http://example.com/space-schema/name> "Cape Canaveral, United States"@en-us .
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Example N-Triples<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://example.com/space-schema/Spacecraft> .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/name> "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/launched> "1969-07-16"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date> .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/mass> "28801"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .<http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> <http://example.com/space-schema/launchsite> <http://.../cape+cana...> .<http://.../cape+cana...> <http://example.com/space-schema/name> "Cape Canaveral, United States"@en-us .
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Example RDF/JSON{ "http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A" : { "http://example.com/space-schema/launched" : [ { "value" : "1969-07-16", "datatype" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date", "type" : "literal" } ], "http://example.com/space-schema/launchsite" : [ { "value" : "http://.../cape+cana...", "type" : "uri" } ], "http://example.com/space-schema/mass" : [ { "value" : "28801", "datatype" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "type" : "literal" } ], "http://example.com/space-schema/name" : [ { "value" : "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module", "type" : "literal" } ], "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type" : [ { "value" : "http://example.com/space-schema/Spacecraft", "type" : "uri" } ] }, "http://.../cape+cana..." : { "http://example.com/space-schema/name" : [ { "value" : "Cape Canaveral, United States", "lang" : "en-us", "type" : "literal" } ] }}
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RDF SchemaMonday, May 16, 2011
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Who has written a schema before?
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Step 1.Forget what you think you know about schema
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Differences• In a relational database:
• the schema is external to the data
• the schema comes first
• you must know the schema to query
• In RDF:
• the schema is in the data
• you may query at any time
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The Open World• RDF Schema follow the Open World
assumption
• This model assumes that you may not have all of the information — that more things may be said elsewhere
• This means that missing isn't necessarily broken
• RDF Schema are not used for validation
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If RDF Schema aren't for
validation, then what are they for?
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RDF Validation• The Web of Data is about modeling for
re-use
• Reusability is provided by modeling outside of any one application's context
• Validation is specific to an application's context
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RDF Schema• RDF Schema are descriptive
• They add additional information to the graph, through inference
• They add labels to properties and classes that make dynamic interfaces possible
• They provide human-readable descriptions to support schema re-use
• RDF Schema are written as RDF
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Important• Properties are first class citizens
they're not hung off classes
• Classes are not OO classesthey do not have any behavior (methods)or properties...
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
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Schema Re-use• RDF & RDFS
rdfs:label — labels for UI use
• Dublin CoreBibliographic Metadata — title, creator
• FOAFFriend of a Friend — people, organisations, creations, topics
• SIOCOnline communities — users, accounts, forums, blogs, microblogs
• GeoGeographical locations — latitude, longitude
• SKOSExisting taxonomies, thesauri and classification schemes
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Schema Re-useProperty Schemaname (on Spacecraft)
launched
mass
launchsite
name (on Launchsite)
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FOAF
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Schema Re-useProperty Schemaname (on Spacecraft) foaf:name
launched space:launched
mass space:mass
launchsite space:launchsite
name (on Launchsite) foaf:name
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RDF Schema@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .
space:launchsite a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Launch Site"@en ; rdfs:description "The site from which something was launched, examples would be the launch site of a spacecraft, rocket or ship"@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
space:mass a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Mass"@en ; rdfs:description "The mass of an object, measured in Kg" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
Apollo 11 Command and Service Modulename
16 July 1969launched
28801.0mass
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
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RDF Schema@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .
space:launchsite a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Launch Site"@en ; rdfs:description "The site from which something was launched, examples would be the launch site of a spacecraft, rocket or ship"@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
space:mass a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Mass"@en ; rdfs:description "The mass of an object, measured in Kg" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
space:Spacecraft a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:label "Spacecraft"@en ; rdfs:description "A Spacecraft is any man-made object intentionally launched into space" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
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Typing with Ranges and Domains
• Properties can add class information to the subject and value either side of them
• A domain adds type information to the subject
• A range adds type information to the value
• Domains and ranges add type information from the schema to the instance data
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A Launch Site is any place where something was
launched
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RDF Schema@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .
space:launchsite a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Launch Site"@en ; rdfs:description "The site from which something was launched, examples would be the launch site of a spacecraft, rocket or ship"@en ; rdfs:range space:Launchsite ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
space:mass a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Mass"@en ; rdfs:description "The mass of an object, measured in Kg" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
space:Spacecraft a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:label "Spacecraft"@en ; rdfs:description "A Spacecraft is any man-made object intentionally launched into space" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
http://.../launchsite
Each property
is a resource
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
http://.../Launchsite
http://.../launchsite
Each property
is a resource
range
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
http://.../Launchsite
ahttp://.../launchsite
Each property
is a resource
range
http://.../cape+cana...
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Property and Class Hierarchies
• Properties and classes can be more specialised versions of others
• This is done through rdfs:subPropertyOf and rdfs:subClassOf
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LODE
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RDF Schema@prefix lode: <http://linkedevents.org/ontology/> .@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> .
space:launchsite a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Launch Site"@en ; rdfs:description "The site from which something was launched, examples would be the launch site of a spacecraft, rocket or ship"@en ; rdfs:range space:Launchsite ; rdfs:subPropertyOf lode:atPlace ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
space:mass a rdf:Property ; rdfs:label "Mass"@en ; rdfs:description "The mass of an object, measured in Kg" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
space:Spacecraft a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:label "Spacecraft"@en ; rdfs:description "A Spacecraft is any man-made object intentionally launched into space" ; rdfs:isDefinedBy space: .
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
http://.../Launchsite
ahttp://.../launchsite
range
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
http://.../Launchsite
ahttp://.../launchsite
range
http://.../atPlace
subPropertyOf
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http://.../1969-059A
http://.../Spacecraft
a
http://.../cape+cana...
Cape Canaveral, United States name
launchsite
http://.../Launchsite
ahttp://.../launchsite
range
http://.../atPlace
subPropertyOf
atPlace
Each property
is a resource
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Naming Convention• Properties are generally in camel-case
name; launchDate; launchVehicle; crewMember
• RDF Class names are usually in title casePerson; Spacecraft; Discipline
• Properties use the simplest name they canlaunch; time; destination
• Inverse properties often use 'of'name & nameOf; crewMember & crewMemberOf
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Thanks to
• Rob Styles, Talis Group Ltd for his CC-BY licensed “Two Day Introduction to the Web of Data” slides and spacecraft example data.
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This work is Copyright © 2010 David Hyland-WoodBased partially on CC-BY licensed content Copyright © 2010 Talis Systems Limited by Rob Styles. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.Full details at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
You are free:
to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work
to Remix — to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:
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Monday, May 16, 2011