Download - INTRO Morphological Processes
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
1/18
Morphological processes
Holger Diessel
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
2/18
The lexeme
Lexeme Word form
go goes
car carcars
gonewent
be bebeen
beingisareamwas
were
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
3/18
Derivation - Inflection
Words with derivational morphemes are new words (which you would expect
to find in a comprehension dictionary).
Words with inflectional morphemes are conjugated or declined words(which you would not expect to find in a dictionary).
Criteria for distinguishing inflectional from derivational morphemes:
change of category
productivity
consistency in meaning
position
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
4/18
Change of category
Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of the base:
to act nominalizationactoraction
free freedom
hospital to hospitalize verbalization
false to falsify
to count countable adjectivization
quick quickly adverbialization
to hope hopeful
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
5/18
Productivity
Inflectional morphemes tend to be more productive than derivational
morphemes. But the productivity of derivational morphemes is a continuum:
Productive derivationalmorphemes:
Unproductive derivationalmorphemes:
-er
-less-ation
-hood (e.g. motherhood)
-dom (e.g. freedom)-fold (e.g. twofold)
un-mis-non-
en- (e.g. enslave)a- (e.g. atypical)
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
6/18
Productivity
What determines the productivity of a morpheme?
Blocking go - wentsteal - thief
Phonological / morphological idiosyncracies
*goed*stealer
waiter wait-ressactor act-resslion lion-ess
Semantic: *road-ess
*police-ess
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
7/18
Semantic consistency
Derivational morphemes are semantically less consistent than inflectional
morphemes.
(1) cars more than one car more than onetables more than one table more than one
(2) computerise put into a computer put into Xmodernise make (more) modern make more Xregularise make (more) regular make more X
brotherise provide with a brother provide with X
cottages more than one cottage more than one
(3) interest interchange interdict interplay
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
8/18
Position
In English, inflectional morphemes are always suffixes, whereas derivational
morphemes are both suffixes and prefixes:
Inflectional morphemes:-s cats
Derivational suffixes:-tion action
Derivational prefixes:dis- disbelieve
-s walks-ed walked-ing walking-er hotter-est warmest
-
-hood motherhood-ize brutalize-en weaken-ify falsify-ive generative
-ish foolish
-
un- undonon- non-smokerinter- interchangemis- misinterpretco- coactive
de- derail
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
9/18
Word formation
Word formation strategies:
affixation
compounding
conversion
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
10/18
Compounding
Orthography:
Stress:
armchair, pain-free, dinner table
the white house (over there) The White House
armchairdinner tableseasickpain-freeto fine-tune
skinheadpickpockethandoutafternoonunderground
N-NN-NN-ADJN-ADJADJ-V
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
11/18
Conversion
N > V to bridge, to mail, to mushroom, to data-bank
V > N a command, a dump, a guess, a kiss
ADJ > V to open, to better, to dirty, to empty
ADJ > N the poor, a daily (rather rare)
CLOSED CL no buts to u to down the hereafter
history
semantic complexity/abstractness
frequency
Which one is basic?
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
12/18
Shortenings
Bicycle > bikeGasoline > gasAdvertisement > adDelicatessen > deliFacsimile > fax
Clippings
Smoke + fog > smokeMotor + hotel > motelBreakfast + lunch > brunch
Channel + tunnel > chunnel
Blends
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
13/18
Shortenings
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome > AIDSNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization > NATORadio detecting and ranging > radar
Acronyms
United States of America > USAPretty damm quick > PDQJean Pierre > JP
Initialism
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
14/18
Short review
Holger Diessel
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
15/18
Important terms
Explain the following terms and provide examples:
morpheme affix
allomorph
content morpheme
base vs. root
zero morpheme
post traumaticpostpone
posterior
Comment on the morpheme post in the following words:
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
16/18
Exercise
Consider the following past tense forms. How many allomorphs
does the (regular) past tense morpheme have?
called pattedwalked claimedkissed kickeddared lovedargued dreaded
Explain why the past tense alternation is a morphological process.Why is this not a case of allophonic variation?
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
17/18
Tree diagrams
(1) manliness
(2) irreplaceability
ADJ
N
man ly ness ir re place able ityN
ADV
V
V
ADJ
-
7/23/2019 INTRO Morphological Processes
18/18
Tree diagrams
(1) unlockable a. is locked, but cannot be unlocked
b. can in principle be locked, but this one cannot be unlocked
un lock ableV
V
un lock able
ADJ
V
nicht aufschliebar nicht verschliebar