Download - Into the 20 th century
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Into the 20th century
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The story so far...
• Public sphere formed and journalism puts down roots
• Mediation and media: response to change:– Hazlitt: radical– Dickens: industrial revolution– Russell: change of war– Newnes: new readers
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The story so far...
• London: capital then imperial city supported by:– Docks: trade– Railways: national readership– Telegraph: command and control of empire
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The claim
• “Genuinely objective journalism….ten, twenty, fifty years after the fact still holds up a true and intelligent mirror to events.” T D Allman
• “Never believe anything until it is officially denied.” Claud Cockburn
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“Strategic ritual” & “Myth”
• Strategic ritual of objectivity: “facts are assertions about the world open to independent validation” Schudson
• Myth -- “a clarity…not of explanation... but of fact” Barthes -- of impartiality: devoid of particular interests, political or commercial
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WWI: 1914-1918
• German imperial expansion vs French, Russian and British imperial concerns
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Rumania & Turkey v France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, British Empire, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia
• Seas controlled by Royal Navy: land slaughter on East, South and Western Fronts
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Chateau Generalship
• Briefing of newspaper journalists by HQs• Direct and indirect censorship• Relay by telegraph to home• Daily printing of news briefs• Daily casualty lists
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“We know we’re telling lies,” Lord Rothermere, Daily Mail
• Daily Mail 2.3 million• “Not a word of conscious falsehood…but
they do not tell all the truth...” Gibbs• Shell crisis: Mail blames Kitchener; 1 mn
down: called “Allies of the Hun”• Daily Mail in victory: “After this no one will
treat the Huns as civilised or repentant”
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Photography -- early embedding
• Growing use the of official photographer: Germany 50; France 35; UK 16
• Posed and training scenes presented as real attacks
• Strong propaganda use
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Resistance
• Sassoon’s letter: “this war, upon which I entered as a war of defence and liberation, has now become a war of aggression and conquest” -- there is “something wrong” with “this extremely gallant officer” -- sent to a psychiatric hospital
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Home and Away
Women’s Own and The WeekThe 1930s
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Women’s Own
• Women get the vote• The start of the 1930s revival in the South East
based on house building
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1932
• Dickens’ Household Words about the outside world
• Women’s Own about domesticity: “there is no such thing as society, only people and families”
• First sale with cover mount with 3 skeins of wool: the domestic crafts
• The attempt to regain “normalcy” after WWI and flapper 20s
• Women, know your place: in the home looking after children
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Deep water port for iron ore and coal; based on River Rouge plant, Detroit; self-contained; 1931; 11 m vehicles; 37 m engines; 4,000 workers at height
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Ford’sHoover
Phillips
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The Week
• “Unquestionably the nastiest-looking bit of work that ever dropped onto a breakfast table.” Dark brown ink, six sides of foolscap
• Tiny circulation, wide influence• Claud Cockburn (1904-1981)• Resigned from The Times over appeasement
• Started 1933 weeks after Hitler in power in
Germany
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• “Generalisations can be boring, details hardly ever.”
• Digging the details of City, Government and politics
• Newspapers need wide circulations to survive: they must appeal broadly; The Week would have a narrow appeal
• Small group of journalists, mostly foreigners in London, meet weekly and pool stories
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• Went out Wednesday, before the Friday weeklies.• 1,200 trial circulation: got 7 paying subscribers• “I know it’s good for me, but, by God, it gets on
one’s nerves.”• The existence of a significant rumour is as
important as a proven fact.• “The equation of rumour with fact made The
Week an intoxicating newspaper: written for the knowing by those in the know...in the august and persuasive language of The Times.”
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World Economic Forum
• The Week: It will be a failure: things are going badly at it
• Main stream media: it’s going well, it will sort things out
• MacDonald’s press conference were be brandishes The Week
• Circulation trebles and increases in quality
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War scares
• Hitler wants war• Russia wants peace as a defence for its
revolution after the New Economic Policy• Metro-Vick affair• The Clivedon set• The Spanish Civil war
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Assignment 1: Due end of week 4: Friday June 14th
• Journalism students:– Assignment 1: You are a newspaper columnist employed by an
American newspaper based in London. You are to write a 2,000 word feature on the current condition of British journalism, explaining and examining the relationships between the public, politicians and journalists.
• PR students:
– Assignment 1: You have been hired by one of the three leading political parties in the UK. You are to craft a media campaign for one of them because a snap general election has been called for November. Identify the issues you will focus on and how you will tackle the likely issues raised by the two other parties.
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The triangle
• Observation by you and others• Reason: a logical argument• Debate: pros and cons