Interwar Period
Aim: Compare and contrast the Chinese, Mexican and Russian
Revolutions.
Inter-War Period 1919-1939
1) Great Depression in Industrialized Countries•(1920-WWII in nation-states that lost WWI)•(1930-WWII in nation-states that won WWI)
2) Nationalist and Independence Movements
a)China (Kuomintang rule vs Communists)
b)India (Gandhi, Indian National Congress and non-violence)
c)Latin America (Mexican Revolution and the continuation of caudillos and juntas)
d)Middle East (Mandates and the discovery of oil leads to continuing imperialism)
e)Southeast Asia (continuation of imperialism leads to Nationalistic revolts most famously in Vietnam)
3
Post-War Europe
• Instability
• Spread of Fascism
Map of Europe after World War I, 1919–1926
Europe in 1919Europe in 1919
5
New Nations: Europe• Ireland
– Michael Collins– Northern Ireland
• Division of Austria-Hungary1. Austria2. Hungary3. Czechoslovakia4. Yugoslavia5. Other portions
went to Romania, Poland and Italy Sinn Fein members in British Parliament, 1918
Totalitarianism – total control over lives by a government
• Communism – extreme left wing
• Economic and social equality is primary goal – more than family
• USSR, China, movements in Central and Western Europe
• Fascism – extreme right wing
• Nation-State is the primary goal – more than family
• Italy, Germany, Spain
7
Rise of Extremism:Japan and Russia
Japan – military dictatorship• Moved to expand
its empire• Extend its
influence to mainland China (Manchuria)
• Rise of militaristic extremists
Russia – Communist dictatorship • Joseph Stalin• Modernization• Repression Joseph Stalin meets Chairman Mao
Fascism
9
Rise of Extremism: Italy
• Fascist Party
• Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini addresses followers in Colosseum
Benito Mussolini – causes of his popularity - “The trains run
on time”1- Italian government corrupt
2 - WWI snub – Versailles Treaty
Little territorial gain
3 - Gaps in wealth between North+
South of country
4 - 1922 – Fascist party
Overthrow with March on Rome and puts in dictatorial powers and eliminates rivals
5 – New efficient government popular
March on Rome [1922] – Fascists come to power
when Italian government can solve virtually none of the
problems – corruption, inflation, etc.
March on Rome [1922] – Fascists come to power
when Italian government can solve virtually none of the
problems – corruption, inflation, etc.
Fascist Youth – propagandist support for Mussolini
Fascist Youth – propagandist support for Mussolini
13
Rise of Extremism: Germany
• Dissatisfaction with Weimar government
• Hyperinflation• Resentment over
terms of the Versailles Treaty
• National Socialists (Nazis) – take power in 1932
• Adolf Hitler – “Mein Kampf”
Adolf Hitler (x over his head) as a World War I corporal
German Military CostsDeaths – 1,773,000 soldiers
Wounded – 4,216,058 soldiers
Missing / Prisoners – 1,152,800 soldiers
Maimed German WW I Veteran
German Military CostsDeaths – 1,773,000 soldiers
Wounded – 4,216,058 soldiers
Missing / Prisoners – 1,152,800 soldiers
Maimed German WW I Veteran
The GermanMark -
INFLATION
The GermanMark -
INFLATION
The German MarkThe German Mark
The German Government: 1919-1920
The German Government: 1919-1920
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923Nazi Party attempt to overthrow Weimar
Republic
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923Nazi Party attempt to overthrow Weimar
Republic
The Dawes Plan (1924)The Dawes Plan (1924)
Mein Kampf [My Struggle] – basis for Nazi philosophy – includes Racist Supremacy
language
Mein Kampf [My Struggle] – basis for Nazi philosophy – includes Racist Supremacy
language
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Political Parties in the Reichstag
May 1924
Dec. 1924
May1928
Sep.1930
July1932
Nov.1932
Mar.1933
Communist Party (KPD)
62 45 54 77 89 100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP)
81 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP)
95 103 73 41 37 52 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP)
32 14 12 107 230 196 288
Other Parties
102 112 121 122 22 35 23
German Election Results in 1933
German Election Results in 1933
German Unemployment: 1929-1938
German Unemployment: 1929-1938
Interwar Period
League of Nations MembersLeague of Nations Members
Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]
Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]
U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67
The Maginot Line
The Maginot Line
Locarno Pact: 1925Locarno Pact: 1925
GustaveStresemann(Ger.)
GustaveStresemann(Ger.)Aristide
Briand(Fr.)
AristideBriand
(Fr.)
Austin Chamberlain (Br.)Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem no way of enforcement.
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem no way of enforcement.
Kellogg Briand Pact – Isolationist ideology rules
• January 1929: American president Calvin Coolidge signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war, in a session staged for the news reel cameras in the White House.
• (Left to right) President Coolidge, Secretary of State Frank Billings Kellogg, Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, and Secretary of State Davis.
• The pact was signed in Paris on 27th August 1928 and later ratified in Washington on 15th July 1929. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images)
Causes of the Great Depression
1) Costs of WWI – contraction of European economies and destruction of property and loss of lives
a) Hits “losers” of WWI first – 1920s Germany in severe depression during Weimar Republic
b) Takes time to spread and hurt “winners” of WWI (Great Britain and USA by 1929)
Causes of Great Depression (part 2)
• 2) Unchecked investment but little production to match it – 1920s saw huge expansion in stock market (400% increase in stock market from 1925-1929) – “Roaring 20s”
• A) “Black Tuesday” – October 24th 1929 – gains of previous 4 years wiped out in just weeks
• B) Caused by crisis in confidence and inflated stock price
Causes of Great Depression (part 3)
• 3) Large discrepancy in wealth distribution between Upper and Lower Classes
• A) not “real” prosperity, reduces consumer demand for goods which hurts the economy, large amount of “credit” available – then taken away by Federal Reserve policy in response to downturn
• B) protectionist policies in many countries ensue• C) Tax policy helps “Rich” and others pay for it
The Roaring Twenties – In WWI winning countries like USA
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932
Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932
The “New Napoleons?” – USSR Stalin, Italy Mussolini, Germany Hitler, and Spain
Franco
The “New Napoleons?” – USSR Stalin, Italy Mussolini, Germany Hitler, and Spain
Franco
Cubist Movement
Settler Societies
Zaibatsu
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
Soldaderas
Victoriano Huerta
Alvaro Obregon
Lazaro Cardenas
Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco
Cristeros
Party of the Industrialized Revolution (Mexico)
Alexander Keresky
Bolsheviks
Russian Civil War
Leon Trotsky
New Economic Policy
Supreme Soviet
Joseph Stalin
Sun Yet-sen
Yuan Shikai
May Fourth Movement
Li Dazhao
Mao Zedong
Guomindang
Whampoa Military Academy
Chiang Kai-shek
Long March