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Interest GroupsLinkage Institutions
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Interest Groups Organized group of individuals seeking
to influence the government and policies
*they operate at all levels of government (state and national)
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Lobbyist Representative for an interest group
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MNC Preserve Mac and Cheese!! We are dedicated to protecting this
national treasure!
Mill Kee Chedda (lobbyist)
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Functions of Interest Groups
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Representation Serves as a link between government
and the people
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Education Increase people’s awareness and
interest Educate government with data to make
good policies
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Participation People work together for a common goal
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Agenda building Bring issues to public and government
attention Make sure something is done to fix
issues
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Program Monitoring Keep track of government programs that
are important to the group’s goals
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How do interest groups form? Federalist No. 10 – Madison says factions are
undesirable but inevitable (*write in margins) Elite Theory – business/corporations dominate (*write
in margins) Pluralist Theory – power is distributed amongst
competing groups Hyperpluralist theory – there are so many groups, and
they are so strong, that government is a gridlock Disturbance theory – groups form to counteract other
groups (where there is 1 there is an opposite) EX: National Right to Life vs. Pro-Choice America or NRA vs. Brady Campaign
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How do interest groups link the government to the people? Express members’ desires to elected
officials Convey government policy plans to the
people Raise and spend money to influence
government officials
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How are interest groups different from political parties? Parties: ELECT individuals to office,
focus on broad topics and are accountable to all people
Interest Groups: INFLUENCE elected officials, focus on one topic, and are accountable only to members (private organization)
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Types of Interest Groups Economic Interest: primary purpose is to
promote the financial interests of its members Business Labor Professional Agricultural
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Business Companies have interest groups monitor
legislation that may impact business Examples: Chamber of Commerce, NAM
(National Association of Manufacturers)
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Labor Union organizations that represent
worker’s rights Examples: AFL-CIO (American
Federation of Labor – Congress of Industry Organization)
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Professional Membership based on job Examples: NEA (educators), AMA
(medical), ABA (American Bar Association – lawyers)
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Agricultural Shape agricultural/farming policies
EX: National Farmers Union, Farm Bureau
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Types of Interest Groups: Public Interest – wants collective good
that doesn’t focus on benefitting just one group of people Environmental Equality Single-issue
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Environmental wilderness protection, pollution, animal
rights, no offshore drilling, etc. Ex: PETA, WWF (World Wildlife
Federation) and Sierra Club
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Equality Equal rights for minority groups Ex: NOW, NAACP, VFW and AARP
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Single-Issue Focus on one issue (instead of a group
of people) Ex: Planned Parenthood, NRA
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Strategies What do interest groups do?
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Influencing elections/electioneering Campaign contributions (amount is
limited per candidate PACs) Grassroots efforts Public awareness
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Litigation Take issues to court if Congress won’t
support (example: NAACP supports Brown v. Board case because Congress wasn’t moving forward on segregation legislation)
Class-action suit: people combine lawsuits into 1 stronger case
Amicus curiae brief – legal document by “friend of the court” supporting 1 side of a case
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Going public: Appeal to the people for support Raise awareness of issues Raise money through PACs PACs are formed by interest groups to
raise money for campaign or candidate
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Lobbying ** Try to influence the government
(policymakers) by providing information and data
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Direct Lobbying: use of personal contact Congress – many lobbyists were
Congressmen and have friends in Congress
Executive – provide decision makers at all levels with information to help implement laws
Judicial – litigation, amicus curiae briefs (cannot directly “lobby” judges, would be improper)
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Grassroots Lobbying “the people back home” Write letters, emails, fax, phone calls,
petitions to representatives/senators
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Coalition Lobbying Several groups join together for a
common goal
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Protest/radical lobbying Use force to bring attention to a cause Examples: PETA (red paint or “blood” of
fur worn by celebrities), Civil Rights groups (sit-ins, protest marches, etc.)
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What makes interest groups successful? Size Leaders Intensity Money
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Size More people = more calls, emails,
campaign work and bigger protests BUT more people can lead to conflict
AND free-rider problem Free-rider – people who benefit from
work of the group without doing any work
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Leaders Strong, charismatic
leaders find a way to attract members and are persuasive about importance of issues
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Intensity The more passionate the members are
about a cause the more effort they will put into the group
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Money Groups need funding to hire lobbyists,
support PACs, write amicus curiae briefs and other activities
More money can make up for less passion from members
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Regulations Congress –
1946: Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act – lobbyists must register with the House and Senate, must file reports of activities
1995: Lobbying Disclosure Act – defined function of lobbyists, must report activities and clients and declare their issues
2007: Honest Leadership and Open Government Act – banned gifts to members of Congress and staff
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Regulations Executive Branch:
Formal lobbying of executive branch is not limited except by the Ethics of Government Act
1978 – Ethics of Government Act: Executive employees who leave office must wait 1 year before lobbying with their former agency