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Interest Groups
11/28/2011
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Clearly Communicated Learning Objectives in Written Form
• Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:– discuss and critically analyze political events in the
United States government– students will be able to identify and explain the
role of informal institutions and their effect on policy.
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Office Hours and Readings
• Pp 130-151• Office Hours– Tuesday 8-12– Wednesday 8-10:30
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Resources of Interest Groups
• Money and Size
• Intensity
• Cohesion
• Access
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TACTICS OF INTEREST GROUPSDirect Lobbying
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Direct Lobbying
• Traditional Interest group tactic
• All about making contacts
• Exchanging Resources
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Direct Lobbying
• An Exchange of Resources
• What Resources do interest groups have for legislators?
• What resources do legislators have for interest groups
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The Revolving Door
• 1 year moratorium
• People move out of Congress and on to “K” Street
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Why former Congressmen?
• Familiarity
• Ability to get access
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Direct Lobbying is not Cheap
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INDIRECT LOBBYINGTactics of Interest Groups
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What is Outsider/Indirect Lobbying
• Pressure from outside the beltway
• Pressure without direct contact
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Tactics of Indirect Lobbying
• Electoral Threats
• Using the media to shape opinion
• Reports and publications
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Politicians dislike indirect tactics
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ON THE CAMPAIGN TRAILInterest groups and the electoral connection
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Why Get involved?
• You want to keep people you trust in position
• You want to control the agenda
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Getting the membership active
• Encouraging members to donate
• Hitlists
• Scorecards
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How Much Can Members Give?
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SPENDING MONEY
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Money is a form of Political Speech
• Buckley v. Valeo
• At the federal level, fundraising is not capped
• Neither are expenditures
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Political Action Committees
• The Money Giving Arm of an Interest Group
• Can Give $5,000 per candidate per election
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Different PACs have different Goals
• Issue PACS
• Labor PACS
• Ideological PACS
• Leadership PACS
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PACS Give to Safe Seats
• Money flows to safe seats
• Giving money to losers has no return on investment
• If I wanted to buy seats, I would give to underdogs and closer races
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Pacs Give To Incumbents
• I care about the issues, not the label
• I want to keep my supporters in office
• Keep my enemies out
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PACS Give to People Who Already Support them
• “Corporations Love Everyone”
• You want them to get reelected
• You want them to continue to support your ideas
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PACS do not Give To Undecided Members
• Money could convince them to vote my way
• But what if it doesn’t
• Its safer to hang on to it
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PACS do not give to their enemies
• My money is not going to change their votes
• They won’t take my money anyway
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The Goal Of PAC Money
• Access
• A chance to meet with legislators
• Ensure my views are represented
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UNCONVENTIONAL STRATEGIES
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What are Unconventional Strategies
• Things outside of traditional lobbying
• Using events and media coverage to gather support
• Can border on legality
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Why Groups Use Unconventional Strategies
• Lack the Traditional Resources of powerful interest groups
• Convential strategies may not work
• The group is committed to the message
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Problems of Unconvential Strategies
Wrong Coverage No Coverage
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Unconventional Strategies Can Backfire
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9 out of 10 times Grassroots is a euphemism for poor or unorganized
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Astroturf Movements
• “fake grassroots”
• Sponsored by a few donors, a union, or a corporation
• Ross Perot was one of the first
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PROBLEMS OF INTEREST GROUPS
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The System is Biased
• It is not a fair system
• All components of interest group power are not distributed evenly
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Representational Inequality
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Access Inequality
• Benefits Matter
• Some Groups will never form
• Some groups will form easily
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Resource Inequalities
• Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission
• Communications can include the magic words
• Cannot be in conjunction with a candidate or party
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Independent Expenditures in 2010
From The Right From The Left
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“The Flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper class accent”.