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Interest Groups
11/21/2011
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Clearly Communicated Learning Objectives in Written Form
• Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:– discuss and critically analyze political events in the
United States government– students will be able to identify and explain the
role of informal institutions and their effect on policy.
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Office Hours and Readings
• Chapter 7• Office Hours– None on Thursday– Monday 8-10:30
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"In no country of the world, has the principle of association been more successfully used or applied to a greater multitude of objects than in America“
Alexis de Tocqueville
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The Interest Groups in the Constitution
• No specific mention
• Feared by the framers
• Lets pray that Madison is right
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WHAT DO INTEREST GROUPS DO
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All interest Groups Must:
• Share an interest
• Know the Interest
• Be Organized
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Political Interest Groups
• Are private
• Non-Governmental
• Seek policy
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What do they Do
• Link Members to Government
• Represent Members views
• Educate members and the public
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WHY INTEREST GROUPS FORM
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Constitutional Reasons
• Protected by the First Amendment
• The right to “peaceably assemble”
• Federalism
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Diversity
• Our diverse society creates many differences which give rise to different interests and view on public issues– Issue Diversity
– Ideological Diversity
– Economic Diversity
– Racial and Ethnic Diversity
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Traditional Pluralist Theory
• Writings of David Truman (no relation to Harry)
• Groups will form naturally to press their views on government
• Even Unformed groups play a role
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Disturbance Theory
• Groups will respond to other groups
• What will they do– Change the Status Quo– Return to the status quo– Go in a new Direction
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THE LOGIC OF COLLECTIVE ACTIONAn Alternate theory of Group Formation
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Collective Action
• The Writings of Mancur Olson
• Groups form if it is convenient
• Groups form for Benefits
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Logistics of Group Formation
• Potential Membership– Big groups form more easily (fewer costs)– Small groups have to share less (more benefits)
• Geography (not as important today)
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Direct Benefits
• Benefits that only members get
• Excludes Non-members
• Economic benefits are most lucrative
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Collective benefits
• Benefits that the group works for....
• Everyone gets
• No One is Denied
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Groups that Provide Collective Benefits
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Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem
• You have to offer people some incentive to join
• Appeal to our greed, or appeal to our ideology
• These are selective incentives
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Selective Incentives
Tangible Benefits• Real benefits given to
members by the group
• People outside of the group do not get the goodies
• The AARP
Ideological Benefits• Moral incentives
• Appeals to one’s ideology
• Guilt-ing People
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Groups that cannot offer any benefits will not be able to form
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KINDS OF INTEREST GROUPS
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Private Interest Groups
• Limit their Membership and their benefits
• Business Groups
• Labor Unions
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Public Interest Groups
• Concerned with that group’s perception of the general welfare of the population
• Anyone can join
• Everyone receives the benefits
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Single Issue Groups
• Concerned with a single policy issue
• Ensures that members know what they do
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Umbrella Groups
• Concerned with multiple issues within a larger policy area
• Potential for more resources
• Potential for in-fighting
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Interest Groups Today
• Fragmentation
• Specialization
• Cannibalization– Greenpeace vs. Whale
Wars
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COMPONENTS OF INTEREST GROUP POWER
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Money and Size
• This is a recursive relationship
• There is a problem of being “too big”
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Cohesion and Intensity
• Does the group stick together
• Are the members willing to fight for the interests of the group
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Access
• The Number one goal of an interest group
• If no one hears your message, it is wasted