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ContentsTitle Page
A Prospective Process for Implementing Human 10Resource Development (HRD) for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Thumwimon Sukserm, Yoshi Takahashi
An Exploration of Partnerships, Coalitions, Sole and 33Trans-organizational Systems in the Current Turbulent Environment Mohammad Reza Noruzi, Dr José G. Vargas Hernández
The Effect of Gender and Different Managerial Labels on 54Evaluations of ManagersS.O. Adebayo , Maimuna I. Ogbonna.
Stock Market Volatility and Information Asymmetry: 67Lessons from Nigeria.Nathaniel Chinedum Nwezeaku, Godwin Chigozie Okpara
Business Graduates Career Preference: Multinational 80Corporations / Small Business Entrepreneurshipsin PakistanTanvir Ahmed, Muhammad Adeel Noor, Dr Muhammad Aslam KhanHasan Afzal, Dr Kashif ur Reman,
An Exploration of Critical Thinking Necessities, Barriers and 92CAT MAGIC NotionMohammad Reza Noruzi, José G. Vargas Hernández, Gholam Reza Rahimi
Reviewing Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives of 105Tobacco Industry in PakistanMian Sajid Nazir, Mehnoor Iftikhar ,Aiza Hussain Rana, Naeem Sadiq , Faria Ahmed
Autism: Sociological Perspectives 118Christine K. Syriopoulou- Delli
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Title Page
Importance-Performance Analysis of Service Quality 132among Business Students: An Exploratory StudyIzah Mohd Tahir , Nor Mazlina Abu Bakar, Wan Zulqurnain Wan Ismail
Impact of Spiritual Consciousness on the Job Performance 142of Banking ExecutivesMohammed Ehsan Malik, Rizwan Qaiser Danish, Ali Usman
Impact of Demographical Factors and Extent of SMS usage on 159Customer Satisfaction and Retention; An Empirical Study of Cellular CompaniesIshfaq Ahmed , Muhammad Musarrat Nawaz, Zafar Ahmad, Muhammad Zeeshan Shaukat, Ahmad Usman, Sarfraz Ahmed
The Protective Role of Research and Development in 169Crises ManagementDr. Ahmad Yousef Areiqat, Dr. Hussien Ahmad Al-Tarawnwh
E-Recruitment: Across the small and large firms in Pakistan 179Muhammad Haroon. Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman
Implications of Earnings Management for Implementation 192of Sharia Based Financial SystemMuhammad Hanif
Is Entrepreneurial Competency the Silver Bullet for 217SME Success in a Developing Nation?Noor Hazlina Ahmad, Hasliza Abdul Halim , Siti Rohaida Mohamed Zainal
A Critical Evaluation of the Issue of Gender Inequality in 237Pakistan s Labor MarketFayaz Ali Shah, Muhammad Nauman Habib, Alamzeb Aamir
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Title Page
The Influence of Using Celebrities on Consumers 257Buying BehaviorIbrahim, A.M. Alnawas
The Relationship between Active Teaching and Learning 283with Graduate s Entrepreneurial Intention and InterestAnita Md. Shariff, Nik Fakrul Hazri Nik Hasan, Zaleha Mohamad,Kamaruzaman Jusoff
Teacher Stress in Pakistani High Schools A case study 295of Government High Schools
Alamzeb Aamir, Mansoor Ullah, Muhammad Nauman Habib, Fayaz Ali Shah
Private Sector Managers Approach to Conflict Management: 304A Study of Relationships between Conflict ManagementStyles and Personality TypeSabina Mukhtar, Muhammad Nauman Habib
Forced Adoption of Technology due to Energy Crises 313Irfan Raza, Abdul Rehman Chaudhry, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman
Project Management: A step-by-step Approach of Yes Practice 327Jung-Tsung Tu, Sheng-Wen Liu, Yi-Man Teng, May-Jing Ting
Implementation of Models to measure the Performance of 348Mutual FundsZeba Shariff Khan
Transformational Leadership Style and its Relationship 370with SatisfactionMahmood Ahmad Bodla, Muhammad Musarrat Nawaz
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Title Page
Total Quality Management and Leadership 382An Experimental Investigation of ISO Certified Companies in JordanDr. Hussien Ahmad AL- Tarawneh
Globalisation Sustainability of Malaysian Small 399and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) through Gaining Competitive AdvantagesNorliza Abd Samad, Zalinawati Abdullah Kamaruzaman Jusoff,Zaleha Mohamad, Gopala Krishnan Sekharan Nair
Ethnic Polarization during 1980s, in Sindh : A case study of 414Muhajir Quomi MovementAmir Ali Chandio, Sayed Ahmed Hussain Shah
A Measurement Model of Lecturer s Personality for Public 432Higher Education Institution in MalaysiaNorazuwa Mat, Norsiah Mat, Ruslan Romli, Kamaruzaman Jusoff, Noornina Dahlan , Intan Osman
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Reviewing Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives of Tobacco Industry in Pakistan
Mian Sajid NazirLecturer Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of IT, Lahore
Mehnoor Iftikhar ,Aiza Hussain Rana, Naeem Sadiq , Faria AhmedBBA Students
Department of Management SciencesCOMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Defence Road off Raiwind Road, Lahore
Abstract
The performance of the firms in corporate sector is heavily dependant upon the corporate
governance practices (Nazir et al. 2009) as well as consideration of social responsibility
into the general managerial practices of firms, the dimensions of socio-cultural
environment into business procedures and compliance with other ethical and regulatory
issues. The researchers have focused on the incorporation of corporate environmental
governance issues into business practices in order to gain a competitive advantage for the
firms (Wise and Ali, 2008; Mitra et al. 2008). However, a little has been found on the
corporate environmental governance issues and practices of Pakistani firms in tobacco
industry since the concept of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility is
newer for the emerging economies like Pakistan. This shows study tells about the two
companies and their corporate responsibility towards the society. Pakistan Tobacco
Company and Lakson both are in same business which is risky to health for customers but
they are considering Corporate Social Responsibility and environment safety for generating
goodwill in the minds of customers and stakeholders.
Key words: corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, health and safety,
environmental issues, community involvement, case study, Pakistan.
JEL Codes: G30, G38, I30, J20, K23, Q25
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1. Introduction
The performance of the modern corporations is heavily dependent on business activities as well
as its role for sustaining long term reputation and good will, which in general called Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) of firms. CSR is the subset of firms overall corporate governance
practices regarding business procedures, legal and ethical practices with the focus on investors
rights protection and social stakeholders of the firm. During the past few decades, this role of the
firms in the society has been as issue of growing public awareness. Many firms contributing
towards economic growth have been blamed for creating social problems in the society. Some of
the issues researched most frequently include long corporation power, employer safety and
health, environmental proactiveness, waste management, resource depletion and product quality
(Mitra et al. 2008). The corporations are induced to be accountable to a wider set of audience
than share holders only. Friedman s (1962) doctrine, that the only social responsibility of the
manager is to maximize the profit of shareholders, is not universally acceptable; rather the role of
the corporate governance is to maximize the share holders wealth along with sustaining
appropriate returns for all other societal stakeholders. Studies have proved that awareness is
being growing on the part of firms putting an obligation to help society even if it earns loss or
profit (Wise and Ali, 2008).
During the mid 1970 s, various accounting institution began to consider social disclosures in
company s reports due to the criticism of using profit as the final mean to evaluate corporate
performance. Moreover the researcher also began to articulate the different theories in this regard
i.e. agency theory, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and political economy of accounting
theory (Belkaoui and Karpik, 1989; Gray et al., 1988; Guthrie and Parker, 1990; Patten, 1991,
1992; Roberts, 1992; and Gray et al., 1995a). However, there is still no consensus exist on the
generally accepted frame work of the accounting for corporate social responsibility (Mitra et al.,
2008). Despite of this lack of consensus about why firms report social responsibility information,
an increasing number of local and multinational firms started disclosing their activities of social
responsibility in their annual reports voluntarily. In this regard, Corporate Social Disclosures
(CSD) are defined by Guthrie and Mathews (1985) as the provision of financial and non
financial information stated in its annual report or separate social reports relating to interaction
with its physical and social environment.
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The present study aims at analyzing the corporate governance practices of two Pakistani firms
relating to corporate social responsibility with a view to examine and link corporate governance
practices with ethical business processes as well as providing some domestic evidence on
corporate social disclosures of firms in Pakistan using a case study method. The remainder of the
paper has been organized as follows; the second section of the paper develops the theoretical
background and model for the paper, the third discusses and analyzes the three case studies
selected for study and final section concludes the paper suggesting some implications for the
companies and management.
2. Theoretical Background
Majority of the studies in CSR have focused on the developed economies of the world and a little
work has been done in emerging markets like sub continent. UNCTAD (2004) defined CSR as
imparting the social responsibility actions into the business policies and procedures including
economic, social and environmental concerns. The minimum standard observed by the
organization is to compliance with law regarding CSR. The scope of CSR includes the direct as
well as spill over impact of organization s actions that may affect society. However the extent of
organization social liability is still a debatable issue.
Kendall and Kendall (1998) proposed that good corporate governance encompasses an ethical
approach, culture, society, organizational paradigms and the balance between the objectives of
all interacted parties of organization. There should be a decision making model giving weight to
all above stakeholders and there must be accountability and transparency in the actions and
decisions. However, Talakdar and Bakhtear (2007) reported that top performing sector of Dhaka
Stock Exchange in December 2007, i.e. banking sector, indicated a low incidence of corporate
social responsibility reporting which is a negative implication of corporate governance in
banking sector of Bangladesh.
Chowdhury (2006) also considered the environmental perspectives and urged that there is strong
need for firms to incorporate environmental responsibility in to their corporate governance
practices & policies and future strategies should avoid manipulation and misrepresentation of the
information. Because, in the long run, the choices of being not green may has serious
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consequences financially and environmentally. Same thing is also observed by Kabir (2007) for
Lover Brothers Bangladesh Limited to allocate more resources and time to become a model of
green business in its sector and achieve long term benefits.
Environment Reporting" is a concept that is relatively new in Pakistan. It provides an
opportunity for companies to inform stakeholders of their corporate efforts in ensuring that
operations and businesses have minimum impact on the environment. Companies should not
view environmental reporting as an impediment to their businesses. Instead, they should embrace
it as an opportunity to enhance their business. This is a real challenge in a country like Pakistan,
where the command and control systems permeate the governance of our economy. The
tendency for pervasive regulatory frameworks often tends to prove self defeating in that they
only tend to focus on disciplinary actions, rather than providing the corporate sector with an
enabling environment for greater compliance on social and ecological standards.
In this regard, Institute of Chartered Accountant of Pakistan (ICAP) has introduced IAS 19 that
deals with employees benefits for short term, long term, post employments and termination
benefits. Benefits regarding wages, salaries, securities contributions, short term leaves, sick
leaves, medical leaves for family and different retirement benefits are given to employees
according to their job status. Disclosures about employee s safety and job security policies
ensure public about ethical and moral values of a corporation and attract foreign investments;
hence a positive effect is shown on firm s performance. ICAP has launched reporting
requirements regarding internal control and disclosure of different risk management systems, yet
no particular standard has been developed regarding the external environmental control
standards.
Moreover, government has introduced established Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA)
and introduced National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) in 1997. According to which
companies are required to follow environmental regulations controlling for population,
agricultural wastage, social hazards or any damage to human life. The ACCA-WWF Pakistan
Environmental Reporting Awards were launched with the collaboration with the Ministry of
Environment and IUCN Pakistan in 2002 to recognize and reward companies that report
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corporate environmental, social and sustainability performance to a broad range of stakeholders.
In addition to it, the work of the Global Compact is to be organized through the soon to be
functional Global Compact Foundation, a not-for-profit company that seeks to work closely with
the corporate sector on Corporate Social Responsibility issues and in developing effective
incentive systems for rewarding and sustaining good corporate performance in Pakistan.
In the light of above discussion, the present study provides a link between theoretical
perspectives of corporate social governance with practices to Pakistani companies regarding
CSR reporting. Two companies from the tobacco industry of Pakistan are selected as case study
to analyze the corporate social disclosure. The tobacco sector of Pakistan just consists of three
public limited companies listed on Karachi Stock Exchange including Pakistan Tobacco
Company (PTC), Lakson Tobacco Company and Khyber Tobacco Company limited. We are
unable to find any data regarding the corporate social responsibility and environmental reporting
about Khyber Tobacco so this company was skipped out. The major indicator of corporate
governance in any country may include establishment of rights of stakeholders, enforcement of
regulation and law and order, protection of creditors and customers. Mostly, researchers
categorize the reporting of these social actions for the purpose of study. In this regard, current
study utilizes the six categories of CSD proposed by Hackson and Milne (1996).i.e.
environmental; (2) energy; (3) employees; (4) product; (5) community involvement; and (6)
others. The CSR reporting of the three selected companies has been analyzed using the above six
categories.
3. Case Study 1 -- Pakistan Tobacco Company (PTC)
3.1 Background
Being the first multinational company in the country, Pakistan Tobacco's operations started in
1947 and it was first foreign direct investment from British American Tobacco Company in the
sub-continent. The company produces high quality branded products for customers Benson and
Hedges, Gold Leaf, Capstan, Gold Flake and Embassy. PTC role is to build long term
shareholders value and to give high quality products and to balance people's expectations.
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Pakistan Tobacco Company mainly has three business principles in which one principle support
environmental impact that is good corporate conduct. The belief of this principle includes:
i. Business should have high level of behavior and integrity
ii. Achieving standard environmental performance
iii. Respect human rights
iv. High level of corporate social responsibility should be in tobacco industry.
v. Tobacco industry should participate in the formation of government polices that affects it.
3.2 Corporate Social Responsibility
Pakistan Tobacco Company believes to have a good business practice which they think is
attained by good environmental practices. They control their impact on environment by using
3R's principle i.e. Reduce, Recover and Recycle. So now the question arise that how they work
on this principle and what they have done till now regarding environmental practices. They basic
aim of PTC is to control or reduce CO2 (carbon dioxide) which effect the environment badly.
They have several environmental programs which include: (1) Waste management; (2) Energy
conversation; (3) Water management; (4) CO2 emission. PTC also guides other companies to
become environmental friendly and to work on 3R's principle. PTC believes that their approach
to CSR is letting them to survive in the market because by doing business in risk to health
product and still doing business from so long means that they are behaving in socially
responsible way and care for the impact and effect on environment. PTC is also trying to fulfill
society's expectations by taking in account some concern issues. In terms of the transparency to
the stakeholders of the company, PTC Annual Report for 2007 was recognized as the best in its
category by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan.
3.3 Environment Health and Safety (EHS)
PTC conducts their business operations in a way which is not harmful for their employees or
workers. The management uses clean technologies and safety systems and it is ensured that there
is safe environment for employees by minimizing the use of natural resources, water recycles etc
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and all these are done in NEQS (national environmental quality standards) limits. PTC ensures
that their EHS policy is fulfilling British American tobacco policy which has international
standards and best practices. PTC is also involved in monitoring their environmental
performance for GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) where they communicate their social
performance. In 2006, National Forum for Health and Education (NFEH), a Non-Profit
organization focusing on environmental, health and educational awareness in Pakistan, has
awarded Pakistan Tobacco with the "Environment Excellence Award". Moreover, British
American Tobacco Company has awarded PTC with "EHS Excellence Award" in 2007.
3.4 Community Involvement Initiatives
Pakistan Tobacco Company is very much concerned with its community development. In this
regard, the management has taking some somber actions relating to community involvement and
for taking care of the general public. Some of these initiatives are:
i. People believe that hepatitis disease is because of pesticides and it should be avoided in
cigarettes. In response to this, PTC started using pesticides which is approved by
Government of Pakistan. This disease has another cause so for this PTC has also made a
joint venture with NIH (National Institute of Health) to pay attention to the issue.
ii. PTC has also reduced the use of agro chemical in their crops which is another dangerous
element for environment diseases and PTC is leading in this initiative.
iii. PTC has set mobile doctor units to facilitate the people in order to fight against diseases.
This strategy is mainly for people in rural areas because they need medical assistance.
iv. Medical camps are also arranged by PTC in collaboration with LBRT (Leyton
Rehmatullah Benevolent Trust) and Merck Pakistan limited.
v. PTC is providing educational opportunities like scholarships and building schools. The
company has also partnered with two NGO's that is ABES (adult basic education society)
and TCF (the citizen foundation)
vi. PTC is not using child labor in operations of the company because it has prohibition
clauses in contracts with the farmers that don't allow the use of child labor.
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vii. They work on new products by in contact with regulators, government and scientists and
to create a less harmful product.
It is evident from the above discussion that Pakistan Tobacco Company has very serious
concerns for the corporate social responsibilities and environment health and safety in the
community in which it is operating. All these initiatives taken by Pakistan Tobacco Company are
letting them to build good image in the mind of the customers despite of their unhealthy products
and service for customers. According to Hackston and Milne (1996) categories of CSD, Pakistan
Tobacco Company is complying with employee s safety, environmental proactiveness and
community involvement initiatives. They try to come up the expectations of the customers and
create them socially responsible institutional citizens, as this is an integral part of the green
environment and community involvement policy of Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited.
4. Case Study 2 -- Lakson Tobacco Company Limited (LTC)
4.1 Background
Lakson Tobacco Company Limited (LTC), an affiliate of Philip Morris International Inc., is a
publicly listed company on the Karachi and Lahore Stock Exchanges. Lakson was awarded for
best company in 2005 from KSE and ranked in top 25 companies of KSE in the years 1997,
1998, 1999, 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively. Lakson Tobacco Company manufactures
cigarettes in three factories which produce cigarettes and one tobacco leaf threshing plant, all
located in various parts of the country. Being the second largest tobacco company in country
Pakistan, LTC provides 2500 jobs to people all across the country by in operation and sales
offices. Lakson Tobacco Company aims at to provide best products to their customers and it also
help to reduce unemployment by contributing in other business units.
4.2 Corporate Social Responsibility
Lakson has been contributing for the welfare of the society in Pakistan. In corporate
responsibilities they have been doing in many ways that is in Health, Atmosphere, Agriculture,
Education and Employee.
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4.2.1 Health
Lakson Tobaaco Company has started a medical trust in 1994 which have arranged many eye
camps for the needy people. LTC employees have also participated in these camps. In these
camps, eye surgeries and eye test of poor people were done and glasses were provided for free of
cost. LTC have established many hospitals: (1) Medical hospital at Mardan in 1998; (2) Medical
hospital at Sahiwal in 2002; (3) Medical hospital at Kotri in 2005. LTC provided mobile
dispensaries the remote areas of various parts of the country.
4.2.2 Environment
Lakson Company has tried to protect the environment by reducing the boiler emission. This
includes emission of few gases which are CO2, NO2 and SO2. The use of latest technology of the
boiler plant and other related machinery has reduced the emission of CO2 from almost 451.09
mgNm3 in 2005-2006 to 246.22 mgNm3 in 2006-07 and emission of SO2 from reduced from
14.21 mgNm3 to 8.33 mgNm3 in the respective years.
4.2.3 Agriculture
In order to avoid environmental issue and crop diseases, Lakson Tobacco Company has reduced
the use of chemicals in their plant site and crops as compared to other neighbor sites. This will
surely reduce the general public diseases caused by the infected eatables.
4.2.4 Education and employees:
Lakson is working on the education and employees' safety by building schools and providing
opportunities for gatherings. AK-12 school was established at Kotri (Sind) in 2005 by Lakson.
LTC provides better environment to their employees by best surrounding and community. Every
year employee's families are invited on 14 August celebration. Eid Milan parties and annual
dinners are held. Sanali Khara Bhai foundation is working with Lakson to provide educational
expenses to brilliant and deserving students.
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4.3 Safety Policies of Lakson Tobacco Company
Lakson take in account their employees and environment safety. They have some safety policies
in order to avoid mishaps which include:
i. Implementation of necessary control measures in operations
ii. LTC provide proper training to their employees
iii. Safety policies are improved on regular basis and monitored properly.
This case study shows that LTC is contributing in social welfare even if they are producing the
products which are assumed by the general public to be harmful to health. Among the proposed
categories of corporate social disclosures of Hackston and Milne (1996), Lakson is following the
environment, community and employees modules. The company is taking employees safety
measures which show their serious concern about safety of the employees. All the welfare
operations help them to create goodwill of the company in specific, and for Lakson group in
general.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
The present study sheds some light on the corporate environmental practices of two leading
companies of Pakistan in tobacco industry. After the analysis of these cases discussed, it can be
concluded that the behavior of firm is heavily dependent on the social work and community
involvement in the society in which it is operating. Although the traditional finance theory
argues that profit maximization is main objective of the mangers; however, business norms have
been changed now. The organizations are participating in the welfare of the society and its
employees by incurring heavy expenditures for the sustainable and long term development just
like PTC and Lakson. These organizations are trying to build trust and confidence of the society
in the business operations and procedures. Despite of the fact that, there is no strict law and
regulation regarding these CSR initiatives of the company, they are making it possible on the
volunteer basis. The other facet of these initiatives may be seen as; stakeholders of the industry
are getting more aware and conscious of business processes that are having impact on the
environment and society. According to these cases discussed above, it shows that both
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companies although dealing in products which is not environment friendly like tobacco,
cigarettes etc. but they are doing a lot for the welfare of the country like building hospitals and
also people are getting aware to diseases. Both the companies are also developing and
implementing their own environment and safety polices for the employees.
Finally, the study discussion regarding the corporate social responsibility and initiatives taken by
these firms suggest some implications for the other firms in Pakistani market. Corporate social
responsibility is not a social activity these days; rather, it has become as one of the core business
procedures and policies. The firms following these practices are very successful; not only in
terms of financial matters, but also sustaining their long term positive image in the minds of
customers, investors and other societal members. The choice is in the hands of the management
of business concerns; whether they are incurring some expenditures and getting green today or
ready to facade pressure and consequences from the stakeholders tomorrow. Companies are now
trying to get a positive image regardless of what products or services they are providing to the
customers.
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