Download - Interconnected Systems in Europe
24.08.2006
1.2 Interconnected Systems in Europe
• UCTE System
• NORDEL System
• IPS/UPS System
• GB System
1.2.1
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1.2.21.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
Synchronously operated regions in Europe
UCTENORDELIPS / UPSGBCENTRELCOMELECBG/RO
TESIS
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UCTE System
Development of the UCTE-interconnected system (1)
•1951 Foundation of the UCPTE (Union pour la Coordination de la Production et du
Transport de l´Electricité) encouraged by the OECD (Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development);
First members of UCPTE: Belgium, Germany (West), France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland
• 1955 UCPTE still subdivided in 5 asynchronous areas. Synchronous operation
between Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Belgium
• 1958 Synchronous coupling of 3 of the asynchronous areas through the
“Stern von Laufenburg”; Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium plus France plus Switzerland;
UCPTE-countries except Italy and Netherlands in parallel operation.
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.3
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Development of the UCTE-interconnected system (2)
• 1962/63 Enlargement of the sphere of activity of the UCPTE:
- foundation of the UFIPTE with the members France, Spain and Portugal
- foundation of the SUDEL with Austria, Italy, Yugoslavia and Greece (1976)
• 1964 All countries of the UCPTE, the UFIPTE and the continental part of Denmark
in parallel operation
• 1976 Synchronous network coupling of Yugoslavia and asynchronous coupling
with Great Britain, Sweden and Norway
• 1987 Admission of Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal and Spain as full-members
of UCPTE; Parallel operation of all 12 member countries
• 1991 Following war events in ex-Yugoslavia, the UCPTE system was split in
two separately operating synchronous zones
1.2.41.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
UCTE System
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Pmax = 13 GW Pmax = 27.5 GW
Pmax = 230 GWPmax = 68 GW
Areas in synchronous operation
Areas not synchronously connected
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.4 /1
UCTE System
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UCTE System
Development of the UCTE-interconnected system (3)
• 1995 Connection of the CENTREL countries (CZ, H, PL, SK) to the
UCPTE system
• 1999 Change of the name of the association into “Union pour la Coordination du
Transport de l’Électricité (UCTE)”
• 2003 Bulgaria, Romania and a small part of Western Ukraine connected to the
UCTE system
• 2004 Reconnection of the two UCTE synchronous zones to one UCTE
synchronous zone
1.2.51.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.5 /1
UCTE System
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.5 /2
UCTE System
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.5 /3
UCTE System
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.5 /4
UCTE System
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.5 /5
UCTE System
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NORDEL System
Structure of the NORDEL transmission network
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.9
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NORDEL System
• The NORDEL organization was founded in 1963 and is based on the voluntary cooperation
of autonomous utilities within the countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden
• The central coordination office is located in Oslo
• The networks of Finland, Norway and Sweden are synchronously coupled.
One part of Denmark (Jütland, Fünen) is operated synchronously with the UCPTE network,
the other part of Denmark (Seeland) is connected synchronously with Sweden.
Iceland is operated as a network island.
• The unbundling of generation and transmission in Finland, Norway and Sweden and legal
changes lead to a restructuring of the NORDEL. Today NORDEL has concentrated its
activities to give recommendations and advises for the cooperation.
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.10
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The peak load of the NORDEL system (without Iceland) was in 2000: 65 GW
The installed generation capacity was in 2000: 87 GW
- 29 GW (33 %) in coal, oil or gas units
- 10 GW (12 %) in nuclear power plants
- 48 GW (55 %) in hydro generation units and others
The total generation of the NORDEL system (without Iceland) was in 2000: 386 TWh
- 77 TWh (20 %) in coal, oil or gas units
- 100 TWh (26 %) in nuclear power plants
- 209 TWh (54 %) in hydro generation units and others
1.2.111.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
NORDEL System
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
DK SF IS N S
Coal, Oil, Gas
Nuclear
Hydro and others
NORDEL SystemAnnual generation of NORDEL-countries in 2000
TWh
34
67
7
143 142
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.12
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.13
NORDEL System
• Between the networks of NORDEL and UCTE there are 7 HVDC-connections
as submarine cables in operation:
- Sweden – Denmark 1965 285 kV 1050 A 300 MW
- Norway – Denmark 1977 250 kV 2x1000 A 2x250 MW
- Sweden - Denmark 1988 250 kV 1200 A 300 MW
- Norway - Denmark 1993 350 kV 1280 A 440 MW
- Sweden - Germany 1994 450 kV 1330 A 600 MW
- Denmark - Germany 1995 400 kV 1500 A 600 MW
- Sweden - Poland 1998 450 kV 1330 A 600 MW
• Within NORDEL a HVDC submarine cable connects Finland and Sweden
with a transmission capacity of 500 MW (1989).
• A HVDC back-to-back station connects the IPS/UPS system and Finland
with a capacity of 900 MW (1982).
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.13 /1
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IPS/UPS System
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
GDR Poland
CSFR
Hungary
Rumania
Bulgaria
Ukraine/
Moldavia
Lituania
Belo-russija
Latvia Estonia
North-West
Center UralsKasaks-
tanSiberia
North
Caucasus
Trans-
Caucasus
Middle
Volga
IPS/UPS System (Situation 1990)
IPS UPS
1.2.14
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• IPS or Integrated Power System was the name of the power system formed by the
countries:
GDR
Poland
CSFR and Ukraine / Moldavia
Hungary
Rumania
Bulgaria
• Development of IPS:
1961 Ring connection between the power system of GDR, Poland, CSFR and Hungary
1962 Foundation of the Central Dispatching Office (CDO) in Prague
1963 Joining of Rumania
1967 Joining of Bulgaria
1978 – 1987 Construction of 750 kV lines between Ukraine and Hungary, Poland, Rumania and Bulgaria
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
IPS/UPS System
1.2.15
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IPS/UPS System
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.15 /1
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UPS or Unified Power System with an extension of 7000 km in East-West direction and
3000 km in North-South direction was the most extended synchronously operated power
system world wide.
UPS comprised 6 subsystems (SS) of Russia and 7 power systems of Ex-USSR countries:
SS Center Ukraine/Moldavia
SS Middle Volga Belorussija
SS North West Lithuania
SS North Caucasus Latvia
SS Urals Estonia
SS Siberia Kasakhstan
Trans-Caucasus
Russia Ex-USSR
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
IPS/UPS System
1.2.16
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
SSof North-WestPG = 27900PL = 25600
PSof Kazakhstan
PG = 8000PL = 9400
SSof Urals
PG = 38700PL = 37300
SSof Middle Volga
PG = 16800PL = 17200
SSof Center
PG = 45600PL = 46400
PSof Trans-CaucasusPG = 7360PL = 7800
SS of North
CaucasusPG = 10000PL = 10400
PSof Ukraine/
MoldaviaPG = 46750PL = 42000
PSof East Europe
PG = 63300PL = 67000
PG: GenerationPL: Load
750 kV3 x 330 kV
2 x 330 kV
3 x 750 kV
4 x 400 kV
500
kV
750
kV
6 x
330
kV
500 kV
330 kV
500 kV
4 x 500 kV 2 x 500 kV
500 kV330 kV
3 x 500 kV
2 x 500 kV
1000
5000 2000
1000
1500
2000
3000
3500
3000
2500
Structure of the IPS/UPS System; Peak load situation Dec. 1990; Limits of transmission capacity
SSof Siberja
PG = 28600PL = 28900
IPS/UPS
System
1.2.17
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
• Because of the idea of extreme job sharing within the socialistic economic system, the
power generation developed not in a self- sufficient way for each country. As a result for
decades there was a high dependency of East-European countries on power imports from
Ukraine and Russia.
Breaking intersections were installed to avoid the spreading of large disturbances in the
case of generation deficits:
- Lemberg breaking intersection in the North between Ukraine and GDR, Poland,
CSFR, Hungary
- Moldau breaking intersection in the South between Ukraine and Rumania, Bulgaria
A breaking intersection means the automatic disconnection or transmission lines at
exceed of a given power flow limit (E. g. 3400 MW for Lemberg breaking intersection)
IPS/UPS System
1.2.18
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Imported energy per year in GWh
3800
190049001130068004200
USSR
GDR
IPS/UPS System
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.18 /1
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
Number of seperations
,
,Criteria for
seperations from
UPS
Lemberg breaking intersectionsIPS/UPS System
1.2.18 /2
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1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
Number of seperations
Frequency histograms of UCTE and IPS/UPS system
IPS/UPS 1978-82
IPS/UPS 1989
UCTE 1989
IPS/UPS System
1.2.18 /3
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IPS/UPS System
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
Poland
SK
Hungary
Rumania
Bulgaria
Ukraine/
Moldavia
Lituania
Belo-russija
Latvia Estonia
North-West
Center UralsKasaks-
tanSiberia
North
Caucasus
Trans-
Caucasus
Middle
Volga
IPS/UPS System (Situation 2000)
CZ
UCTE
UCTE
UCTE
JIEL
GR
BiH
1.2.19
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• In 1990 the electricity supply industry in England and Wales was reorganized (privatization)
• The vertically integrated Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) was separated in the
following companies:
- National Power (fossil and hydro generation)
- Power Gen (fossil and hydro generation)
- Nuclear Electric (nuclear generation)
- National Grid Co.
- 12 Regional Electricity Companies (REC’s)
• The transmission network of the National Grid Co. and the distribution networks of the 12
REC’s are considered as natural monopolies
• Transmission and distribution fees are regulated by the regulating authority OFFER
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
GB System
1.2.20
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• The installed generation capacity was in 2000: 79 GW
- 61 GW (77 %) in coal, oil or gas units
- 13 GW (16 %) in nuclear power plants
- 5 GW (6 %) in hydro generation units and others
• The total generation was in 2000 372 TWh
- 272 TWh (73 %) in coal, oil or gas units
- 85 TWh (23 %) in nuclear power plants
- 15 TWh ( 4 %) in hydro generation units and others
• The 275 kV and 400 kV transmission network of the National Grid Company is operated
by the main dispatch center near Birmingham as well as by 7 regional dispatch centers.
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe
GB System
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Moyle Interconnectors
(Nothern Ireland)
Capacity 500 MW
Length 55 kmInterconnectors
French Interconnector
Capacity 2,000 MW
Length 70 km
GB System
1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.22
The GB Electricity Supply System in 2000