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Interactions in an Ecosystem
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Ecosystem- Two ProcessesSeparate and NOT EQUAL
Energy Flow
Nutrient Cycles
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Part 1: Energy Flow
One directional
Energy Enters Atmosphere
(Light)
Energy Exits Atmosphere
(Heat)
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Energy Flow
-Light energy
-Heat Energy energy
–Kinetic energy
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Energy Flow
• Energy flow begins with light energy
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Sun’s Light Energy transformed into chemical energy through
photosynthesis!• Autotrophs (aka Producers) – make
(produce) their own food
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
(FOOD)
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Photosynthesis
• On land – green plants
• Upper levels of ocean water + ponds – algae (photosynthetic protista)
• In salt marshes + tidal flats – photosynthetic bacteria
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Sun’s Light Energy Chemical Energy
As the plant grows, some of the energy is used for life processes.
But most of the ENERGY acquired from the sun is LOST
as heat energy.
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Green PlantsHerbivores
As the mouse lives, some of the energy is used for life
processes (heart beat, etc.), but most of the ENERGY is
LOST as heat energy.
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Herbivores Carnivores
As the fox lives, some of the energy is used for life
processes (heart beat, etc.), but most of the ENERGY is
LOST as heat energy.
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All Animals and Plants eventually…DIE
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Energy flow
• After death, animals and plants get consumed by decomposers.
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Energy Flow
• Nutrients in the dead plants and animals are recycled BUT
• Energy exits the Earth in the form of heat
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Deep Ocean Ecosystem, etc.
• A different type of ecosystem exists deep below the ocean waters, volcanic vents + tidal marshes
• This ecosystem depends on Chemosynthesis instead of Photosynthesis for capturing energy*.
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Ecological Pyramid showing Energy Loss at each Level
Trophic level 1
Trophic level 3
Trophic level 2
Trophic level 4
90% of energy is lost as heat
90% of energy is lost as heat
90% of energy is lost as heat
90% of energy is lost as heat
.1% energy
1% energy
10% energy
100% energy
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Ecosystem- Two ProcessesSeparate and NOT EQUAL
• Energy Flow
– Energy (as Light) Enters and Exits an Ecosystem (as Heat)
– Everyday, the sun’s energy enters the atmosphere and everyday heat energy exits the atmosphere
– Energy is not recycled.
• Nutrient Cycle– Nutrients (Carbon,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, etc.) found on Earth are used and reused in ecosystems
– No new nutrients are added to those we have on Earth, and no nutrients exit the Earth
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Nutrient Cycles
• Food Webs and Food Chains – Illustrate the– feeding
relationships and
– movement of nutrients and energy through an ecosystem
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Plants get their Nutrients from
• CO2 in the air and H2O from the soil
• Trace elements (nutrients), such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium are also found in the soil.
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Herbivores get their nutrients from eating plants
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Carnivores get their nutrients from eating other animals
Just Kidding!!! There are NO Killer Rabbits!
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All Animals and Plants eventually Die and are
Decomposed
• Nutrients in the organism are returned to the soil,
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Or the Ocean
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Or the Atmosphere
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Nutrients are then Reused
• And Reused…• And Reused… • And Reused… • And Reused…• And Reused…• And Reused…• And Reused…• And Reused…• And Reused…
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Deep in the Ocean
• Another Nutrient Cycle Exists alongside of hydrothermal vents.
• Energy is provided through chemical activity.
• Nutrients cycle within the depths from one organism to another.
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Nutrients Cycles
Water Cycle
Phosphorus cycle
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Food Chains (nutrients)
• One organism is followed by a second organism in a food chain.
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Food Web (nutrients)
• (All of the) Complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem.