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Intellectual Transformations
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Intellectual Transformations
ChristendomMiddle Ages (Dark Ages)
Depopulation◦Social Change◦Lack of emphasis on cultural
achievements
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Renaissance… The best of times / the worst of times
“…as if on a given signal, splendid talents are stirring.” 1517
“This is the worst age of history.” 1536
Erasmus – Humanist Scholar
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Renaissance (1300 – 1600)“Rebirth”
Italy
Revival of interest in ancient arts◦Rome◦Greece
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Renaissance ArtLeonardo Da Vinci
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Renaissance Art
Michelangelo
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Renaissance ArtRaphael
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Renaissance ArtDonatello
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Renaissance Literature
Shakespeare◦Romeo and Juliet◦Hamlet◦King Lear◦Othello
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Renaissance Literature
Cervantes◦Don Quixote
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Renaissance LiteratureMachiavelli
◦The Prince
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Renaissance (1300 – 1600)Humanism
Secularism
Impact of printing◦Johannes Gutenburg
Gutenburg and his press
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Protestant Reformation
Martin LutherIndulgencesNinety - five Thesis
◦Wittenburg◦1517
Salvation by Faith Alone“Priesthood of all believers.”Edict of WormsPeace of Augsburg
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Protestant Reformation
John Calvin◦Predestination◦Hard work
Catholic Reformation◦Counter – Reformation
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Reform in EnglandHenry VIIICatherine of AragonAnne Boleyn
◦YouTubeAnglican ChurchAct of Supremacy, 1534Edward VIBloody MaryElizabeth I
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Reformation in France
HuguenotsHenry of NavarreEdict of NantesThirty Years War 1618 – 1648Treaty of Westphalia
Henry of Navarre
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Results of the Reformation Increased literacyRise of capitalismReligious divisionEnd of Catholic church’s
monolithic powerWarfareReligious intoleranceState centralization and
secularization
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Rise of Modern StatesDecline of Church
Secular character of society
Rise of nationalism
Absolutism◦Propaganda◦Divine Right of Kings Theory
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France: The Model of AbsolutismDivine RightMarie de’ MediciLouis XIIICardinal RichelieuLouis XIV
◦VersaillesCardinal Mazarin
◦The Fronde
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England: Constitutional MonarchyMagna Carta The TudorsParliamentThe Stuarts
◦ James I◦ Charles I
Civil War◦ Oliver Cromwell
The Restoration◦ Charles II◦ James II
Glorious Revolution◦ William and Mary of Orange
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The Scientific Revolution Ptolemy
◦Geocentric TheoryCopernicus
◦On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric TheoryJohaness Kepler
◦On the Motion of MarsGalileoSir Isaac Newton
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The EnlightenmentPhilosophesVoltaire
◦CandideJohn Locke
◦Second Treatise on Civil GovernmentBaron de MontesquieuDiderotAdam Smith
◦Wealth of Nations◦Laissez – faire