Download - Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
Intellectual and Artistic Intellectual and Artistic RenaissanceRenaissance
HumanismHumanism Study of Classical TextsStudy of Classical Texts
Leads to HumanismLeads to Humanism Intellectual focused on human potential and achievementsIntellectual focused on human potential and achievements Studied Ancient Greek values, tried to reconcile them with Christian Studied Ancient Greek values, tried to reconcile them with Christian
teachingsteachings Influenced art and architects to carry on classical traditionsInfluenced art and architects to carry on classical traditions Popularized study of subjects common to classical educationPopularized study of subjects common to classical education
HistoryHistory LiteratureLiterature Philosophy (called Humanities)Philosophy (called Humanities)
Emphasizing individual ability Emphasizing individual ability High regard for human worthHigh regard for human worth Well-rounded universal personWell-rounded universal person
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci PainterPainter SculptorSculptor ArchitectArchitect InventorInventor mathematicianmathematician
Renaissance ManRenaissance Man
Educated men should master almost every area Educated men should master almost every area of studyof study Called “universal man”, today called “renaissance Called “universal man”, today called “renaissance
man”man”
Baldassare Castiglione (1528)Baldassare Castiglione (1528) The Book of the CourtierThe Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione by Baldassare Castiglione
Described characteristics: have character, talent, skills of Described characteristics: have character, talent, skills of warrior and an education, follow certain standard of conduct, warrior and an education, follow certain standard of conduct, aim was to serve prince in effective and honest wayaim was to serve prince in effective and honest way
Should be charming, witty, and educated in the classicsShould be charming, witty, and educated in the classics Should sing, dance, play music, and write poetryShould sing, dance, play music, and write poetry
The CourtierThe Courtier ““Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and
always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; and every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above and every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above all things avoiding ostentation and that impudent self-all things avoiding ostentation and that impudent self-praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all who hear them….”who hear them….”
““I would have him more than passably accomplished in I would have him more than passably accomplished in letters, at least in those studies that are called the letters, at least in those studies that are called the humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin language but with Greek, for the sake of many different language but with Greek, for the sake of many different things that have been admirebly written therein. Let him things that have been admirebly written therein. Let him be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and prose.”prose.”
The “Renaissance Man” definedThe “Renaissance Man” defined
Leonardo Da VinciLeonardo Da Vinci PainterPainter sculptorsculptor inventorinventor scientistscientist Best known for Best known for
painting painting the Mona Lisa the Mona Lisa and and the Last Supperthe Last Supper
Writers changing LiteratureWriters changing Literature DanteDante
Medieval writerMedieval writer Influences Renaissance by writing in the vernacular, or native language. Influences Renaissance by writing in the vernacular, or native language.
(Italian)(Italian) Story of the soul’s journey to salvation, goes through three realms of Story of the soul’s journey to salvation, goes through three realms of
Hell, Purgatory, and ParadiseHell, Purgatory, and Paradise (another Vernacular writer is Geoffrey Chaucer, (another Vernacular writer is Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales)The Canterbury Tales)
PetrarchPetrarch One of the earliest and most influential humanistsOne of the earliest and most influential humanists Father Renaissance HumanismFather Renaissance Humanism Great poet, wrote in both Latin and ItalianGreat poet, wrote in both Latin and Italian Looked at forgotten Latin manuscripts, spread Cicero, Homer, and VirgilLooked at forgotten Latin manuscripts, spread Cicero, Homer, and Virgil Typically wrote sonnets (14-lined poems)Typically wrote sonnets (14-lined poems) Used pure classical LatinUsed pure classical Latin
BoccaccioBoccaccio Wrote Wrote DecameronDecameron Uses cutting humor to illustrate the human conditionUses cutting humor to illustrate the human condition Presents his characters in all their individuality and all their follyPresents his characters in all their individuality and all their folly
LiteratureLiterature
Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer Wrote Wrote Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales Collection of stories about 29 pilgrims on their way to Collection of stories about 29 pilgrims on their way to
Thomas a Becket’s tombThomas a Becket’s tomb Portrayed all of societyPortrayed all of society
Christine de PizanChristine de Pizan FrenchwomanFrenchwoman Wrote Wrote The Book of the City of LadiesThe Book of the City of Ladies Wrote in defense of womenWrote in defense of women Argued Women should be allowed to go to schoolArgued Women should be allowed to go to school
Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli Wrote Wrote The Prince The Prince (1513)(1513) Central thesisCentral thesis
How to acquire and keep political powerHow to acquire and keep political power EthicsEthics
Middle Ages stressed ethics of leadersMiddle Ages stressed ethics of leaders Machiavelli said that princes must understand human Machiavelli said that princes must understand human
nature, which was self-centerednature, which was self-centered Political policy should not be based on moral principlesPolitical policy should not be based on moral principles Must be strong and shrewd, be able to trick his enemies Must be strong and shrewd, be able to trick his enemies
and even own people for the good of the stateand even own people for the good of the state WorldWorld
Examines the imperfect conduct of humansExamines the imperfect conduct of humans Idea that people are selfish, fickle, and corruptIdea that people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt In real world, Prince must sometime mislead people and In real world, Prince must sometime mislead people and
lie to opponentslie to opponents
MachiavelliMachiavelliMachiavelli saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption
Critics attacked his cynical advice and even claimed he was inspired by the devil
“Machiavellian” came to be a term used to refer to deceit in politics
The PrinceThe Prince““From this arises the question whether it is better to be From this arises the question whether it is better to be
loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in general that they are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, general that they are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their children, as I have before said, when the necessity is children, as I have before said, when the necessity is remote; but when it approaches, they revolt. And the remote; but when it approaches, they revolt. And the prince who has relied solely on their words, without prince who has relied solely on their words, without making preparations, is ruined.”making preparations, is ruined.”
Education in the RenaissanceEducation in the Renaissance Humanists believed that education could dramatically Humanists believed that education could dramatically
change human beingschange human beings At core were liberal studiesAt core were liberal studies
History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, letters, poetry, mathematics, History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music, physical educationastronomy, music, physical education
Preparation for lifePreparation for life Aim was to create not just great scholars, but complete citizensAim was to create not just great scholars, but complete citizens Model for basic education in Europe until the 20Model for basic education in Europe until the 20 thth century century
FemalesFemales Some did attend schoolSome did attend school Taught same subjects, as well as how to ride, dance, sing, play the Taught same subjects, as well as how to ride, dance, sing, play the
lute, and appreciate poetrylute, and appreciate poetry Did not learn mathematics or rhetoricDid not learn mathematics or rhetoric Religion and morals were most important for education “Christian Religion and morals were most important for education “Christian
ladies” to become good wives and mothersladies” to become good wives and mothers
Artistic Renaissance in ItalyArtistic Renaissance in Italy Artists sought to imitate natureArtists sought to imitate nature
Wanted people to see the reality of the objects or events they were Wanted people to see the reality of the objects or events they were portrayingportraying
Developed a new world perspectiveDeveloped a new world perspective Human beings became the focus of attentionHuman beings became the focus of attention
New TechniquesNew Techniques FrescoesFrescoes
11stst masterpieces of Renaissance were frescoes painted by Masaccio in masterpieces of Renaissance were frescoes painted by Masaccio in Florence in 15Florence in 15thth century century
Fresco is a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paintsFresco is a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints Looks like the paintings come alive, created a new realistic style of paintingLooks like the paintings come alive, created a new realistic style of painting
New “Renaissance” style was modified by othersNew “Renaissance” style was modified by others Two major developmentsTwo major developments
Stressed technical side of paintingStressed technical side of painting Understanding the laws of perspective Understanding the laws of perspective Organization of outdoor space and light through geometryOrganization of outdoor space and light through geometry
Investigation of movement and human anatomyInvestigation of movement and human anatomy Realistic portrayal of the individual person, especially the human nudeRealistic portrayal of the individual person, especially the human nude
FrescoesFrescoes
Artistic Renaissance in ItalyArtistic Renaissance in Italy PerspectivePerspective
Making distant objects smaller than those close to the Making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewerviewer
Scenes appeared three-dimensionalScenes appeared three-dimensional Used shading to look more realisticUsed shading to look more realistic
Women ArtistsWomen Artists Work was secretWork was secret Very few women were recognizedVery few women were recognized
ArchitectureArchitecture Rejected Gothic styleRejected Gothic style Adopted style of Ancient Greeks and RomansAdopted style of Ancient Greeks and Romans Domes were used oftenDomes were used often
Artistic Renaissance in ItalyArtistic Renaissance in Italy SculptureSculpture
DonatelloDonatello Spent time in Rome studying sculpture and architectureSpent time in Rome studying sculpture and architecture Copied statues of Greek and RomansCopied statues of Greek and Romans Famous works include statue of St. GeorgeFamous works include statue of St. George Made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and Made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and
expressions that reveal personalityexpressions that reveal personality
ArchitectureArchitecture Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi
Inspired by classical RomeInspired by classical Rome Medici’s hired him to design the San Lorenzo Church in FlorenceMedici’s hired him to design the San Lorenzo Church in Florence Church unlike Medieval and Gothic offers warmth and comfort of Church unlike Medieval and Gothic offers warmth and comfort of
spiritual needsspiritual needs Sought to reflect human-centered worldSought to reflect human-centered world
Donatello’s SculpturesDonatello’s Sculptures
BrunelleschiBrunelleschi
Masters of the RenaissanceMasters of the Renaissance High Renaissance from 1490 – 1520High Renaissance from 1490 – 1520
Last stage of Renaissance paintingLast stage of Renaissance painting MastersMasters
LeonardoLeonardo Wanted to capture the perfection of nature and the individualWanted to capture the perfection of nature and the individual
RaphaelRaphael Famous for Madonna paintingsFamous for Madonna paintings Tried to achieve an ideal of beauty far surpassing human standardsTried to achieve an ideal of beauty far surpassing human standards Painted frescoes in Vatican PalacePainted frescoes in Vatican Palace
MichelangeloMichelangelo Accomplished painter, sculptor, and architectAccomplished painter, sculptor, and architect Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Depicts Biblical history from Creation to the FloodDepicts Biblical history from Creation to the Flood Took four years to completeTook four years to complete
Humans with perfect proportions, beauty = godlikeHumans with perfect proportions, beauty = godlike Glorified human bodyGlorified human body
Scupltures: Pieta and DavidScupltures: Pieta and David
RaphaelRaphael
MichelangeloMichelangelo
Renaissance in the NorthRenaissance in the North
Spread from Italy to the Low countriesSpread from Italy to the Low countries Belgium, Luxembourg, and NetherlandsBelgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands Invasion of French King into Italy drove artists and writers Invasion of French King into Italy drove artists and writers
north in 1494 C.E. north in 1494 C.E. Did not decorate ceilings and walls of churches, made Did not decorate ceilings and walls of churches, made
illustrations illustrations Flanders was important school of artFlanders was important school of art
Jan van EyckJan van Eyck One of the 1One of the 1stst to use oil painting to use oil painting Imitated nature by observing and portraying realityImitated nature by observing and portraying reality
Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer German painterGerman painter Visited Italy, copied Italian laws of perspectiveVisited Italy, copied Italian laws of perspective
Jan van EyckJan van Eyck
Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer
Other Notable ContemporariesOther Notable Contemporaries
ErasmusErasmus Christian HumanistChristian Humanist Wrote Wrote The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly Thought to improve society, Thought to improve society,
everyone should read the Bibleeveryone should read the Bible
Sir Thomas MooreSir Thomas Moore Christian HumanistChristian Humanist Wrote Wrote UtopiaUtopia which which
means “no place”means “no place” About imaginary land inhabited About imaginary land inhabited
by peace-loving peopleby peace-loving people
William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare English PlaywrightEnglish Playwright Themes included dramatic Themes included dramatic
conflict, human flaws, and conflict, human flaws, and human naturehuman nature
Famous works include: Famous works include: Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Juliet, and and A Midsummer A Midsummer Night’s DreamNight’s Dream
The Printing RevolutionThe Printing Revolution
Johann Gutenberg Johann Gutenberg reinvented movable type reinvented movable type around 1440 C.E.around 1440 C.E.
Then invented the Then invented the printing pressprinting press Machine that pressed Machine that pressed
paper against a tray full of paper against a tray full of moveable typemoveable type
Printed completed Bible Printed completed Bible in 1455 C.E.in 1455 C.E.
Effects of Printing RevolutionEffects of Printing Revolution
Enabled a printer to produce Enabled a printer to produce hundred of copies of a single hundred of copies of a single workwork
Books became cheap, more Books became cheap, more people could affordpeople could afford
More books meant more More books meant more people could learn how to people could learn how to readread
People began to interpret the People began to interpret the Bible for themselves, Bible for themselves, became more critical of became more critical of priests and demanded priests and demanded reformsreforms