Influence of wood structure on Influence of wood structure on moisture moisture desorptiondesorption and changes and changes in its properties above the fiber in its properties above the fiber
saturation pointsaturation point
Giana Almeida, Ph.D. Student
Roger Hernández, Professor
SWST 48SWST 48thth Annual ConventionAnnual Convention
Québec City, June 2005
PlanPlan
ObjectivesObjectivesDefinitionsDefinitionsMaterial and MethodsMaterial and MethodsResultsResultsConclusionsConclusions
Influence of wood structure on boundary Influence of wood structure on boundary moisture moisture desorptiondesorption..
Changes in wood properties above the Changes in wood properties above the FSP (influence of wood structure on these FSP (influence of wood structure on these changes).changes).
ObjectivesObjectives
Boundary Boundary desorptiondesorption
DefinitionsDefinitions
–– Water potential (Water potential (ΨΨ)): water : water in a medium is characterized in a medium is characterized in terms of its energy statein terms of its energy state
–– MC x MC x ΨΨ : region between 96% : region between 96% and 100% RH is spread out and 100% RH is spread out (wood structure highly affects (wood structure highly affects the drainage curve in this the drainage curve in this region)region)
• Adsorption
Water potential Ψ(Jkg-1)
EMC
(%
)
Desorption
EMC-water potential relationship of western hemlock sapwood at 21°C (Fortin 1979).
–– Affects the MCAffects the MC--water water relationship (at high MC relationship (at high MC values values –– capillary forces)capillary forces)
Desorption
Adsorption
DefinitionsDefinitions
–– Capillary system of wood → cavities Capillary system of wood → cavities interconnected by narrow channelsinterconnected by narrow channels
Ink bottle effectInk bottle effect• Adsorption
Water potential Ψ(Jkg-1)EM
C (
%)
Desorption
EMC-water potential relationship of western hemlock sapwood at 21°C (Fortin 1979).
Fiber saturation point (FSP)Fiber saturation point (FSP)
“Moisture content (MC) at which the cell walls “Moisture content (MC) at which the cell walls are saturated with bound water with no free are saturated with bound water with no free water in the cell cavities (water in the cell cavities (TiemannTiemann 1906).”1906).”
“FSP is the MC below which the physical and “FSP is the MC below which the physical and mechanical properties of wood begin to change mechanical properties of wood begin to change
as a function of MC (USDA 1974).”as a function of MC (USDA 1974).”
DefinitionsDefinitions
DefinitionsDefinitions
Fiber saturation point (FSP)Fiber saturation point (FSP)
““Shrinkage in beech begins to take place Shrinkage in beech begins to take place above the FSP (Stevens 1963).” above the FSP (Stevens 1963).”
““Bound and free water appear to coexist Bound and free water appear to coexist over a significant range of water potentials over a significant range of water potentials -- above and below the FSP (above and below the FSP (SiauSiau 1995).”1995).”
MaterialMaterial
Yellow birch (Yellow birch (BetulaBetula alleghaniensisalleghaniensis))Sugar maple (Sugar maple (Acer Acer saccharumsaccharum))
American beech (American beech (FagusFagus grandifoliagrandifolia))
(T)
60 m
m
20 m
m
(R)20 mm(L)
Sorption and physical-mechanical
tests
10 mm
10 m
m
3 mm
(T)
(R)
(L)
Mercury porosimetry Anatomical analysis
TR: 10mm x 10mm x 20µm
TL: 10mm x 10mm x 30µm
MaterialMaterial
Anatomical analysisAnatomical analysis–– MicrosectionsMicrosections were double stainedwere double stained–– Image treatment (Image treatment (MicromorphMicromorph))–– Quantitative anatomical analysis (Quantitative anatomical analysis (WinCellWinCell))
Beech – TR original image Beech – treated image
MethodsMethods
Moisture sorption testsMoisture sorption tests
–– Full saturation under distilled waterFull saturation under distilled water–– One condition in adsorption above distilled waterOne condition in adsorption above distilled water–– Five Five desorptiondesorption conditions using pressure membrane conditions using pressure membrane
method (RHmethod (RH>96%)>96%)–– Five Five desorptiondesorption conditions using saturated salt conditions using saturated salt
solutions (33% ≤ RH ≤ 90%)solutions (33% ≤ RH ≤ 90%)
Moisture sorption testsMoisture sorption tests
Shrinkage and mechanical tests at EMCShrinkage and mechanical tests at EMC
Quantitative anatomical analysisQuantitative anatomical analysis
Mercury porosimetry analysisMercury porosimetry analysis
MethodsMethods
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore radius (µm)
Cum
ulat
ive
void
vol
ume
(%)
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
–– MicromeriticsMicromeritics AutoPoreAutoPore IV SeriesIV SeriesLow pressure Low pressure –– 0 to 50 0 to 50 psipsi ((pore radius from 180 pore radius from 180 µµm to 1.8 m to 1.8 µµm)m)
High pressure High pressure –– AP to 60,000 AP to 60,000 psipsi (pore radius until 0.0015 (pore radius until 0.0015 µµm)m)
Mercury porosimetry analysisMercury porosimetry analysis
Cumulative void volume of yellow birch obtained by mercury porosCumulative void volume of yellow birch obtained by mercury porosimetry analysis.imetry analysis.
MethodsMethods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1101001000100001000001000000
Water potential Ψ (Jkg-1)
EM
C (%
)
yellow birch
-106 -105 -104 -103 -102 -101 -100
1
Equilibrium moisture contentEquilibrium moisture content--water potential relationship at 25water potential relationship at 25°°C (yellow birch and C (yellow birch and beech) and at 20beech) and at 20--2121°°C (sugar maple, C (sugar maple, HernándezHernández and and BizoňBizoň 1994).1994).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1101001000100001000001000000
Water potential Ψ (Jkg-1)
EM
C (%
)
yellow birchsugar maple
-106 -105 -104 -103 -102 -101 -100
1
DesorptionDesorption curvescurves
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1101001000100001000001000000
Water potential Ψ (Jkg-1)
EM
C (%
)
yellow birchsugar maplebeech
-106 -105 -104 -103 -102 -101 -100
1
ResultsResults
Yellow birch
© Almeida 2005
Beech
© Almeida 2005
Sugar maple
© Martin Caron 2002
Results Results -- Wood anatomyWood anatomy
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1101001000100001000001000000
Water potential Ψ (Jkg-1)E
MC
(%)
Yellow birchBeech
-106 -105 -104 -103 -102 -101 -100
1
Equilibrium moisture contentEquilibrium moisture content--water potential water potential relationship at 25relationship at 25°°C.C.
Results Results -- Wood anatomyWood anatomy
r > 1.44 µm
Void volume proportion of the wood elements.Void volume proportion of the wood elements.
0
10
20
30
40
50
Vessel Fiber lumina Rayparenchyma
Axialparenchyma
Void
vol
ume
(%)
Yellow birchBeech
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1101001000100001000001000000
Water potential Ψ (Jkg-1)
EM
C (%
)
yellow birchbeech
-106 -105 -104 -103 -102 -101 -100
1
1.44 1.44 µµmm
0.21 0.21 µµmm
Equilibrium moisture contentEquilibrium moisture content--water water potential relationship at 25potential relationship at 25°°C.C.
1.44 1.44 µµmm
Incremental intrusion obtained by mercury porosimetry.Incremental intrusion obtained by mercury porosimetry.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore radius (µm)
Incr
emen
tal i
ntru
sion
(%)
Yellow birch
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore radius (µm)
Incr
emen
tal i
ntru
sion
(%)
Yellow birchBeech
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
1.44 µm0.21 µm
Results Results -- Mercury porosimetry Mercury porosimetry
<Vessel radius (beech)> = 20 µm (anatomy)= 18 µm (porosimetry)
Results Results -- EMC x wood shrinkageEMC x wood shrinkage
0
3
6
9
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EMC (%)
Woo
d sh
rinka
ge (%
)
volumetrictangentialradial
Sugar maple
Wood shrinkage as a function of the EMC at 25Wood shrinkage as a function of the EMC at 25°°C (yellow birch and beech) C (yellow birch and beech) and at 20and at 20--2121°°C (sugar maple, C (sugar maple, HernándezHernández and and BizoBizoňň 1994).1994).
0
3
6
9
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EMC (%)
Woo
d sh
rinka
ge (%
)
volumetrictangentialradial
Yellow birch
0
3
6
9
12
15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EMC (%)
Woo
d sh
rinka
ge (%
)
volumetrictangentialradial
Beech
EMC: shrinkage statistically EMC: shrinkage statistically significantsignificantDiff = (T and Diff = (T and R)R)FullFull SaturationSaturation –– (T and R)(T and R)EMCEMC
Paired tPaired t--test Diff >0 test Diff >0
Results Results -- EMC x wood shrinkageEMC x wood shrinkage
31.131.14343Sugar mapleSugar maple30.930.94040BeechBeech29.229.24141Yellow birchYellow birch
FSPFSP(%)(%)
EMC EMC (%)(%)
Wood Wood speciesspecies
Table 1. EMC below which shrinkage was statistically higher than zero1.
1 α = 0.01 ** (1% probability).
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EMC (%)
Woo
d sh
rinka
ge (%
)
volumetrictangentialradial
Wood shrinkage as a function of the EMC at 25Wood shrinkage as a function of the EMC at 25°°C (yellow birch).C (yellow birch).
Results Results -- EMC x wood shrinkageEMC x wood shrinkage
Tangential compliance coefficient = 1/ET
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EMC (%)
Tang
entia
l com
plia
nce
coef
ficie
nt (G
Pa-1
)
Yellow birch
Compliance coefficients sCompliance coefficients s3333 in tangential compression as a function of the EMC at 25in tangential compression as a function of the EMC at 25°°C C (yellow birch and beech) and at 20(yellow birch and beech) and at 20--2121°°C (sugar maple, C (sugar maple, HernHernáándezndez and and BizoňBizoň 1994).1994).
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EMC (%)
Tang
entia
l com
plia
nce
coef
ficie
nt (G
Pa-1
)
Yellow birchBeech
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EMC (%)
Tang
entia
l com
plia
nce
coef
ficie
nt (G
Pa-1
)
Yellow birchBeechSugar maple
Results Results
17%
10%
13%
EMC x mechanical propertiesEMC x mechanical properties
ConclusionsConclusions
Shape of the boundary Shape of the boundary desorptiondesorption curve curve in the region governed by the capillary in the region governed by the capillary forces is particular to each wood species.forces is particular to each wood species.
At equilibrium, the radial, tangential and At equilibrium, the radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage begin abovevolumetric shrinkage begin above FSP.FSP.
ConclusionsConclusions
At equilibrium, the MC affects the At equilibrium, the MC affects the tangential compliance coefficient beyond tangential compliance coefficient beyond the FSP.the FSP.
In the In the desorptiondesorption phase, loss of bound phase, loss of bound water begins in presence of liquid water. water begins in presence of liquid water. The EMC at which this loss begins The EMC at which this loss begins depends on wood species.depends on wood species.
BibliographyBibliography
HernHernáándezndez, R.E. and M. , R.E. and M. BizoBizoňň. 1994. Changes in shrinkage and . 1994. Changes in shrinkage and tangential compression strength of sugar maple below and above tangential compression strength of sugar maple below and above the fiber saturation point. the fiber saturation point. Wood Fiber Wood Fiber SciSci.. 26(3):36026(3):360--369.369.
SiauSiau, J.F. 1995. , J.F. 1995. Wood: Influence of moisture on physical properties.Wood: Influence of moisture on physical properties.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA.
Stevens, W.C. 1963. The transverse shrinkage of wood. Stevens, W.C. 1963. The transverse shrinkage of wood. Forest Prod. Forest Prod. J.J. 13(9):38613(9):386--389.389.
TiemannTiemann, H.D. 1906. Effect of moisture upon the strength and , H.D. 1906. Effect of moisture upon the strength and stiffness of wood. stiffness of wood. U.S.D.A Forest ServiceU.S.D.A Forest Service, Bulletin 70., Bulletin 70.
U.S. U.S. DepartementDepartement of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 1974. Laboratory. 1974. Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering materialmaterial. USDA Agric. . USDA Agric. HandbHandb. 72. Rev. USDA, Washington, DC.. 72. Rev. USDA, Washington, DC.
Thanks!
Merci!
Table 2. Sorption tests characteristics.
--152 526 152 526 33 33 MgCl2 MgCl2 DesorptionDesorption--74 941 74 941 58 58 NaBrNaBrDesorptionDesorption--37 756 37 756 76 76 NaClNaClDesorptionDesorption--20 750 20 750 86 86 KClKClDesorptionDesorption--14 495 14 495 90 90 ZnSO4 ZnSO4 DesorptionDesorption
≈≈ 100 100 HH22OOAdsorptionAdsorptionEquilibration over saturated salt solutions at 25Equilibration over saturated salt solutions at 25°°CC
--5 0005 00096.431 96.431 --DesorptionDesorption--2 0002 00098.557 98.557 --DesorptionDesorption--70070099.492 99.492 --DesorptionDesorption--30030099.782 99.782 --DesorptionDesorption--10010099.927 99.927 --DesorptionDesorption
Equilibrium under a pressure membrane at 25Equilibrium under a pressure membrane at 25°°CC00100100HH22OOSaturationSaturation
Full saturation under distilled waterFull saturation under distilled water
Water Water potentialpotential(Jkg(Jkg−−11))
RHRH(%)(%)
Saturated Saturated salt solutionsalt solutionState of sorptionState of sorption
Methods Methods –– sorption testssorption tests
MethodsMethods
MercuryMercury porosimetryporosimetry
rP θγ cos2−=
γγ est la tension superficielleest la tension superficielle (0,485 N/m)(0,485 N/m)rr est le rayon du capillaireest le rayon du capillaireθθ est l’angle de contact avec le substrat est l’angle de contact avec le substrat
(de 90° à 180°, mercure = 130°)(de 90° à 180°, mercure = 130°)
State of
sorption
Chemical or
saturated salt
solution
Nominal
relative
humidity
(%)
Water
potential
(Jkg−1)
Radius of
curvature of the
air-water meniscus
(µm)
Full saturation under distilled water
Saturation H20 100 0 ∞
Equilibrium under a pressure membrane at 25°C
Desorption - 99.927 -100 1.440
Desorption - 99.782 -300 0.480
Desorption - 99.492 -700 0.206
Desorption - 98.557 -2 000 0.072
Desorption - 96.431 -5 000 0.029
ψθγ cos2−
=r -102 J/kg → rayon ≥ 1.44 µm
Vaisseaux (diam. ≥ 50 µm)
Table 3. Sorption tests characteristics.
Methods Methods –– sorption testssorption tests
Effect of the temperature in the beginning Effect of the temperature in the beginning of physical mechanical changes;of physical mechanical changes;
NMR of beech, sugar maple and tropical NMR of beech, sugar maple and tropical hardwood at different EMC hardwood at different EMC
(proportion of bound and free water x EMC)(proportion of bound and free water x EMC)
Works in progressWorks in progress