2016 EPS Training Event
Martin E. Evans, MD
Director, VHA MDRO Program
National Infectious Diseases Service
Lexington, KY & Cincinnati, OH
Infection Control of Emerging Diseases
2016 EPS Training Event
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Outline
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• Review the VHA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prevention Initiative and successes in acute care, spinal cord injury, and the CLCs
• Review Clostridium difficile and the VHA C. difficile infection (CDI) Prevention Initiative and initial VA data
• Review the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Prevention Initiative
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Pittsburgh Demonstration Project, 2001
• VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh Regional Health Initiative, CDC
• Eliminate MRSA healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
• Using a “Bundle” based on Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) guidelines.
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
VA MRSA “Bundle”
1) Active surveillance for all admissions, in-hospital unit-to-unit transfers, and discharges
2) Contact Precautions for all patients/residents colonized or infected with MRSA
3) Hand hygiene
4) Culture change where Infection Control becomes everyone’s responsibility
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
January 2007
• Success at Pittsburgh VA 2002-2006• Importance of preventing MRSA HAIs for all
Veterans• Department of Veterans Affairs, issued VHA
Directive 2007-002, “Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Initiative”
• Implemented a nationwide program to reduce MRSA HAIs in all acute care VA hospitals
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
MRSA Prevention Coordinator (MPC)
• Dedicated person at each facility who:– Oversees implementation of the Initiative at their
facility– Collects and reports data on their program– Provides feedback to front-line healthcare workers– Deals with local challenges
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
MRSA Data Reporting
• Beginning October, 2007 each facility submitted data monthly to the VA Inpatient Evaluation Center (IPEC) in Cincinnati.
• Aggregate data reported by unit or facility (no patient-specific information)
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Definitions
• Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)– MRSA infection occurring >48 hours after admission– Follows CDC/NHSN definitions with minor
adaptations
• Transmission (Tx)– Patients have nasal swabs done on admission, unit-
to-unit transfer, and discharge (active surveillance)– Converting from MRSA negative to MRSA positive is
considered a transmission
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Conclusion
• A program of universal surveillance, contact precautions, hand hygiene, and culture change was associated with a decrease in MRSA transmissions and HAIs in acute care, spinal cord injury, and long-term care settings in a large healthcare system.
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Outline
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• Review the VHA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prevention Initiative and successes in acute care, spinal cord injury, and the CLCs
• Review Clostridium difficile and the VHA C. difficile infection (CDI) Prevention Initiative and initial VA data
• Review the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Prevention Initiative
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Infections and DeathsUnited States, 2005
# Infections # Deaths
Streptococcus pneumoniae
41,839 ~5,000
MRSA 94,360 18,650
HIV / AIDS 56,300 17,011
C. difficile >250,000 15,000-30,000
Active Bacterial Core Surveillance www.cdc.gov/abcs*www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/basic.htm#def
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
CDI Rates Among Hospitalized Patients Aged ≥65, 1996-2009
MMWR 2011;60:1171
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Burden of CDI
• Recurrence rate quite high– ~20% risk of recurrence after the initial episode of
CDI– ~40% risk of a second relapse– ≥60% risk of a third relapse
• Approximately 15,000 to 30,000 deaths in the United States each year attributable to CDI
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VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Risk Factors for CDI
• Antimicrobial exposure• Acquisition of C. difficile • Advanced age• Underlying illness• Immunosuppression• Tube feeds• ? Gastric acid suppression
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VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Patient Skin (A) and Examiner’s Glove (B) Contamination with C. difficile
Bobulsky, GS. Clin Infect Dis 2008:46;447
Skin Contamination
GloveContamination
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Glove Contamination After Touching a Patient with CDI
Bobulsky, GS. Clin Infect Dis 2008:46;447
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Environmental Contamination with C. difficile
Riggs, MM. Clin Infect Dis 2007:45;992
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Prevention Strategies: Core
• Contact Precautions for duration of diarrhea• Hand hygiene in compliance with CDC/WHO
– Soap and water for hand hygiene before exiting room of a patient with CDI
• Cleaning and disinfection of equipment and environment
• Educate HCWs, housekeeping, administration, patients, & families about CDI
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Rationale for extending isolation beyond duration of diarrhea
Bobulsky et al. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:447-50.
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
VHA CDI Bundle
• Environmental Management• Hand Hygiene• Contact Precautions• Cultural Transformation
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Outline
33
• Review the VHA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prevention Initiative and successes in acute care, spinal cord injury, and the CLCs
• Review Clostridium difficile and the VHA C. difficile infection (CDI) Prevention Initiative and initial VA data
• Review the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Prevention Initiative
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
What are Enterobacteriaceae?
E. coli, Enterobacter (cloacae, aerogenes, agglomerans), Serratia marscescens, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella (pneumoniae, oxytoca)
Sometimes cause community acquired (UTI, pneumonia)
Often cause HAIs (central line bloodstream infection, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, hospital acquired pneumonia, etc.)
Susceptibility Profile of Carbapenemase-Producing K. pneumoniaeAntimicrobial Interpretation Antimicrobial Interpretation
Amikacin I Chloramphenicol R
Amox/clav R Ciprofloxacin R
Ampicillin R Ertapenem R
Aztreonam R Gentamicin R
Cefazolin R Imipenem R
Cefpodoxime R Meropenem R
Cefotaxime R Pipercillin/Tazo R
Cetotetan R Tobramycin R
Cefoxitin R Trimeth/Sulfa R
Ceftazidime R Polymyxin B MIC >4g/ml
Ceftriaxone R Colistin MIC >4g/ml
Cefepime R Tigecycline S
First clinical use
of penicillin
1942
1949Osteomyelitis
due to penicillinase producing S.
aureus
Adapted from Rice, LB. Mayo Clin Proc 2012:87;198-208
First clinical use of
ampicillin 1962
1966 Appearance
of TEM β-lactamase
First clinical use of
cefotaxime 1979
1985 First ESBL (SHV-2)
First Imipenem
use 1985
1990 CTX-M described
1993 First carbapenemase
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Consequences of Resistance
• Longer hospital stays and more expense • Higher morbidity and mortality when resistance is
initially unrecognized • Inability to treat sick patients as we run out of
efficacious antimicrobials– Aggressive cancer chemotherapy– Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation– Solid organ transplantation– Other aggressive immunosuppressive therapy– Prosthetic joint placement– Routine clean/clean contaminated surgery
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CRE Vital Signs: Key Points CRE are increasing
1% to 4% overall Over 10% of Klebsiella are
CRE
Most hospitals do not see CRE regularly 4% of hospitals 18% of LTACHs
Most CRE are still healthcare-associated
Patel, Rasheed, Kitchel. 2009. Clin Micro News
MMWR MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Jun 25;59(24):750.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Sep 24;59(37):1212.
CDC, unpublished data
DC
PRAK
HI
Carbapenemase-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae 2013
KPC
KPC, NDM
KPC, NDM, VIM, IMP, OXA
KPC, NDM, VIM, OXA
KPC, NDM, OXA
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
CRE Summary
• Unrivalled broad-spectrum resistance profile• Susceptible to very few antibiotics• Clinical data for treatment regimens is very
limited• Control involves:
– Antimicrobial stewardship– Infection control– Good environmental management
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VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Outline
46
• Review the VHA MRSA Prevention Initiative and successes in acute care, spinal cord injury, and the CLCs
• Review Clostridium difficile and the VHA CDI Prevention Initiative
• Review the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Prevention Initiative
VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
For more information, please visit the MDRO Website at vaww.mrsa.va.gov/
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