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Industrial Refrigeration: Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings
Bryan Hackett, PE, kW Engineering
www.kw-engineering.com
September 25, 2013
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Practical Items
Please type any questions you have during the presentation into the Chat window located on the right-side of your computer screen.
If you can't hear me, please type a message in the Chat window located on the right-hand side of your screen.
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What do you already know about energy efficiency for industrial refrigeration?
Quiz
1. Which of the following is true about industrial refrigeration?
2. Which of the following are parts of the refrigeration cycle?
3. What is the ActOnEnergy cash incentive amount for completing a qualifying industrial refrigeration project with a 1-10 year payback through the Custom Program?
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What we’ll cover
What is industrial refrigeration, and how is it different from conventional HVAC?
The refrigeration cycle
Major system components
Typical energy efficiency measures (EEMs)
Resources
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About Me
Bryan Hackett, PE, Sr. Engineer II 17 years of experience
Multiple papers published on energy savings in
food processing and refrigeration facilities 2 as lead author
Industrial Services Team Leader at kW
Energy audits (led 150+) Technical support and calc assistance Retro-commissioning (RCx) Implementation support Remote energy management Emerging technologies evaluation
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What is Industrial Refrigeration?
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Size: 100 tons and larger
Refrigerant: Ammonia (R717) in most cases, R22 in a few cases
System Types: Centralized and built-up
Load Temps: -60°F to 55°F
Industries: Refrigerated warehouses
Fruit and vegetable processors
Breweries, wineries, and carbonated beverages
Dairy and ice cream processors
Meat, poultry, and fish
Chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical
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• Refrigerated warehouse • Fruit and vegetable processing • Brewery or winery • Carbonated beverages • Dairy and ice cream processing • Meat, poultry, and fish • Chemical, petrochemical • Pharmaceutical
What industry do you work in?
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How Does it Differ from Commercial Refrigeration or HVAC?
Commercial refrigeration systems tend to be smaller, modular, and may use a different refrigerant for each evaporator temperature.
Large HVAC systems are used to cool spaces at temperatures greater than 55°F.
Industrial refrigeration mostly use flooded-type evaporator coils, while commercial refrigeration and HVAC almost always use DX-type evaporator coils.
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Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Evaporation
Compression
Condensation
Expansion
Condenser
Evaporator
Power InExpansion Valve
Compressor
Heat Rejected
Heat Absorbed
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Evaporation
Cold liquid refrigerant absorbs heat and boils
Liquid → vapor
Latent heat of vaporization
Constant pressure and temperature
Condenser
Evaporator
Power InExpansion Valve
Compressor
Heat Rejected
Heat Absorbed
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Compression
Reduction in volume of vapor
Increase in pressure and temperature
Requires external work (power)
Raises the boiling point of the refrigerant
Power depends of Lift
Condenser
Evaporator
Power InExpansion Valve
Compressor
Heat Rejected
Heat Absorbed
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Condensation
Vapor condenses
Vapor → liquid
Latent heat + compressor power is rejected to atmosphere
Constant temperature and pressure
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Expansion
Meters refrigerant
Separates high-pressure from low-pressure
Some liquid evaporates, which chills the remaining refrigerant
Supplies evaporators with chilled liquid refrigerant
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Evaporators
All cooling happens at an evaporator.
Evaporators can be broken into two main types:
Air-Coolers
Liquid-chillers
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Air-Coolers
AKA Evaporator fan-coil
Coils often have fins to increase heat transfer surface
Fans move air over coil
Refrigerated air is used to cool space or product
Hot gas is commonly used to defrost evaporators
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Air-Coolers (cont’d)
To maintain space temperature
Freezers
Coolers
Industrial A/C
Process/Product cooling
Spiral freezers
Blast freezers
Pressure coolers
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Liquid Chillers Heat Exchangers
The most common types of heat exchangers for liquid chilling are:
Shell-and-tube
Plate-and-frame (pictured)
Falling-film
Scraped-surface
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What type of evaporator does your refrigeration system use: Air-Cooler or Liquid-chiller?
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Compressors
Purpose: to increase the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant vapor so that heat can be rejected in the condenser.
The most common types of compressors used in industrial refrigeration are:
Reciprocating
Rotary Screw
Rotary Vane
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Reciprocating Compressors
Use: High and low-temperature
applications
Configuration: Booster, high-stage, and single-
stage
Compression ratios: Max. of 8:1 with ammonia
Maximum size: Approx. 300-hp
Capacity control: Typically cylinder unloading
Relatively good part-load performance
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Rotary Screw Compressors
Use: High and low-temperature
applications
Configuration: Booster, high-stage, and single-
stage
Compression ratios: Max. of 20:1 with ammonia
Maximum size: >1000-hp
Capacity control: Typically slide valve.
Part-load performance not as good as cylinder unloading.
VFDs becoming more common on new compressors.
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Oil Cooling
Screw compressors use oil for lubrication and cooling during compression, so the oil must be continuously cooled to maintain operating temperature.
There are two main types of oil cooling in use:
Liquid injection
External
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Liquid Injection
Liquid injection uses high-pressure liquid refrigerant to flash-cool when injected into the compressor body via a DX-valve.
This method is simple and inexpensive to implement.
However, it typically increases compressor power by 1-3%, but can be as high 10% for low-temperature, single-stage operation.
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External Oil Cooling
There are two common types of external oil cooling:
Thermosiphon (pictured)
Recirculated Water or Glycol
Both types do not result in increased compressor power
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What type of compressor does your refrigeration system use: Reciprocating, Rotary Screw, or Rotary Vane?
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Condensers
Reject heat from the system absorbed into the refrigerant.
Evaporative condenser most common (pictured).
Air-cooled or water-cooled condensers less common.
Use fans to force or induce airflow to enhance heat rejection.
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Evaporative Condensers
Heat from refrigerant vapor is transferred to water.
Some of the water evaporates into the air.
Warm, moist air leaves through the top of the condenser.
Heat rejection rate is a function of ambient wet-bulb temperature.
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Two-Stage Compression
Improved efficiency for low-temperatures systems (-25 °F and less). Intercooler to provide inter-stage desuperheating. Can efficiently support multiple evaporation (process) temperatures. Can implement subcooling or flash-cooling.
Condenser
Evaporator
Power In
High-Stage Compressor
Heat Rejected
Heat Absorbed
Power In
Low-Stage Compressor
Evaporator
Heat Absorbed
Intercooler
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List of Typical EEMs and Definitions
Controls Measures: Floating head pressure
control
Compressor staging controls
Active defrost management
Adjust suction pressure setpoints
Equipment Retrofit Measures:
VFDs on Evaporator Fans
VFDs on Condenser Fans
VFDs on Screw Compressors
Condensate Subcooling
Desuperheater
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Floating Head Pressure Control
Most systems have a fixed head pressure setpoint
Reset head pressure setpoint based on wet-bulb temperature
Reduction in compressor energy usage
Increase in condenser fan energy usage
Savings depends on: Current setpoint
pressure
Existing condensing capacity
Local weather data
System energy savings 5 to 12%.
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Compressor Staging Controls
Minimize screw compressors operating at part-load.
Base load screw compressors at 100% load.
Select most efficient part-load compressor for trim.
System energy savings 5 to 15%.
Simple payback period from 1 to 3 years.
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Active Defrost Management
Controlling the initiation of a defrost cycle.
Controlling the termination of a defrost cycle.
Reducing unnecessary refrigeration load.
System energy savings up to 3%.
Simple payback period from 2 to 4 years.
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Adjust Suction Pressure Setpoints
Raise suction pressure setpoints to highest level and still meet process and space temperatures and production rates.
Reduces compressor temperature lift.
Can be done based on production schedule.
System energy savings up to 10%.
Simple payback period from 1 to 3 years.
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VFDs on Evaporator Fans
Reduces fan speed based on refrigeration load.
Large reduction in fan power for a small reduction in speed.
Helps reduce heat generated in cold storage spaces.
System energy savings up to 2%.
Simple payback period from 1 to 3 years.
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VFDs on Condenser Fans
Reduces fan speed based on heat rejection load and wet-bulb temperature.
Large reduction in fan power for a small reduction in speed.
Helps maintain a steady head pressure.
Benefits from floating head pressure control.
System energy savings up to 3%.
Simple payback period from 1 to 2 years.
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VFDs on Screw Compressors
Improves part-load performance of screw compressor.
VFD reduces compressor speed down to 40 – 50%.
Existing slide-valve is used below minimum speed.
Not recommended as a retrofit solution for all screw compressors.
System energy savings 5 to 10%.
Simple payback period from 2 to 4 years.
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Condensate Subcooling
Increases low-temperature refrigeration capacity.
Reduces low-stage (booster) compressor energy usage.
Slightly increases high-stage compressor energy usage.
System energy savings up to 4%.
Simple payback period from 1 to 5 years.
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Desuperheater
Reduces process heating loads, such as sanitation water heating.
Can slightly increase the condensing capacity of the existing condenser.
Slight reduction in condenser fan energy usage.
Most beneficial to plants with steady hot water loads.
System energy savings up to 2%.
Simple payback period from 3 to 5 years.
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Which EEM’s have you implemented?
Controls Measures:
Floating head pressure control
Compressor staging controls
Active defrost management
Adjust suction pressure setpoints
Equipment Retrofit Measures:
VFDs on Evaporator Fans
VFDs on Condenser Fans
VFDs on Screw Compressors
Condensate Subcooling
Desuperheater
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Resources
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“Industrial Refrigeration Best Practices Guide”
by the Industrial Efficiency Alliance
“Industrial Refrigeration Handbook”
by W.F. Stoecker
“Industrial Refrigeration Systems Energy Efficiency Guidebook”
by the Industrial Refrigeration Consortium (IRC)
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kW Engineering Contacts
41
Bryan Hackett, P.E., Senior Engineer II kW Engineering Email: [email protected] Phone: 510.229.5640
kW Engineering
Midwest Engineering Office 200 East Randolph Street, Suite 5100 Chicago IL, 60601 Phone: 312.577.7615 (main) Web: http://www.kw-engineering.com
Contact: Gary Graham, CEM, LEED-AP Midwest Marketing Manager Phone: 630.890.2935 (mobile) Email: [email protected]
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Survey Incentive: 50-80% of the survey cost
Implementation Incentive: $0.02/kWh saved
Pre-approval is required. Visit ActOnEnergy.com/Retro to learn more.
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Real Example of Savings • Food manufacturer
• Received over $6,600 to perform a survey
• Received nearly $12,000 in additional cash incentives to implement improvements
• Lowered their annual energy bills by over $83,000!
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Ameren Illinois
ActOnEnergy
Energy Advisors
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Find a Contractor
Click here to find a Contractor who is an ActOnEnergy Program Ally.
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• Website: ActOnEnergy.com/Business
• Phone: 1.866.800.0747
• Fax: 1.309.677.7950
• Email: [email protected]
Resources
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Quiz
What did you learn about energy efficiency for industrial refrigeration?
1. Which of the following is true about industrial refrigeration?
2. Which of the following are parts of the refrigeration cycle?
3. What is the ActOnEnergy cash incentive amount for completing a qualifying industrial refrigeration project with a 1-10 year payback through the Custom Program?
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v
Questions?