INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY(IRSA)
“1) Historical Perspectives on Indus Water Treaty 2) Water Availability, Conservation and Distribution
in Pakistan”
Rao Irshad Ali KhanMember IRSA (Punjab)November 07, 2016
S.N: 01
Presentation at LUMS, Lahore
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE
S.N: 02
► On emergence of Pakistan in August 1947 the
International Border cut across the Irrigation
System of United Punjab in such a way that
the Headworks of some Pakistan Canals
off-taking from Ravi and Sutlej Rivers went in to
Indian control.
► Taking advantage of its geographical position
India stopped water on 1st April, 1948 in those
Pakistan Canals whose Head Works were located
in India.
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE
S.N: 03
► The affected Canals were:-
i) Upper Bari Doab Canal off taking from
Modhupur Headworks on Ravi River.
ii) Depalpur Canal off taking from
Ferozepur Headworks on Sutlej River.
iii) Release of water below Ferozepur
Head works for Sulemanki and Islam
Canals.
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE
S.N: 04
► Issue being of a very serious nature was
discussed between India and Pakistan and an
adhoc Agreement was signed on 4th May, 1948
to:-
i) Resume supply in Pakistan Canals
as per sharing arrangements of
pre-1947.
ii) Arrive at a permanent solution to
resolve the issue of water sharing of
Indus Basin Rivers.
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE
S.N: 05
► In view of the seriousness of the problem
World Bank offered its good offices in 1951 to
help resolve this issue.
► As a result of prolonged negotiations sharing of
waters of the Indus Basin System was
agreed and Indus Waters Treaty was signed
in September, 1960.
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:SALIENT FEATURES
S.N: 06
1. All waters of Eastern Rivers namely Ravi, Beas
and Sutlej were allocated to India.
2. All waters of Western Rivers namely Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab were allocated to
Pakistan except some specified uses in
Occupied Kashmir.
3. Pakistan was to meet the requirements of its
Eastern River canals from Western Rivers by
constructing suitable replacement works.
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:SALIENT FEATURES
S.N: 07
4. Safeguards were incorporated in the Treaty to
ensure unrestricted flow of water in the Western
Rivers.
5. Permanent Indus Commission was constituted
to watch implementation of the Treaty and resolve
by negotiations any problem arising thereof.
6. The Commission is also to inspect works in the
whole of Indus Basin both in India and Pakistan
once in every five years.
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:SALIENT FEATURES
S.N: 08
7. Procedure for settlement of differences and
disputes was outlined in the Treaty provisions.
8. Differences and disputes are first to be resolved by
negotiations in the Permanent Indus Commission
failing which procedure for settling such disputes
through International Arbitration is set out.
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960: S.N: 09
Specified uses allowed to India from the Western Rivers
(Pakistan Rivers)
a) Domestic uses.
b) Non Consumptive Uses
c) Agriculture Uses
d) Generation of Hydro power
• India is allowed to irrigate additional 200,000 acresfrom flow of the Western Rivers.[Annexure C para (7)]
• The upper limit of additional area India is allowed toirrigate using water from flow of the river andstorages is of 701,000 acres.[Annexure C para (5)]
• India is allowed to construct storage of 2.85 millionacre-ft in the basins of the Western Rivers.[Annexurepara (7)]
INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960: S.N: 10
INDUS WATERS TREATYREPLACEMENT WORKS
S.N: 11
DAMS
i) Tarbela on River Indus.
ii) Mangla on River Jhelum.
NEW BARRAGES
i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus.
ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhelum.
iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab.
iv) Qadirabad Barrage on River Chenab.
v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi.
vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej.
INDUS WATERS TREATYREPLACEMENT WORKS
S.N: 12
OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED
i). Trimmu Barrage
ii). Balloki Barrage
NEW LINK CANALS
Capacity (Cs)
i). Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link) 21,700
ii).Taunsa Punjnad Link (T-P Link) 12,000
iii).Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link) 19,000
iv).Qadirabad Balloki Link (Q-B Link) 25,000
v).Balloki Sulemanki Link – II (B-S Link–II) 9,000
vi).Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link) 11,000
vii)Sidhnai–Mailsi–Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link) 11,300
INDUS WATERS TREATYREPLACEMENT WORKS
S.N: 13
OLD LINK CANALS
Capacity
(Cs)
i). Marala Ravi Link (M.R Link) 22,000
ii). Bombanwala Ravi Badian Depalpur 7,300
Link (BRBD Link)
iii). Balloki Sulemanki Link (I) (B.S Link-I) 15,000
iv). Montgomery Pakpattan Link (M.P Link ) 1,500
v). Pakpattan Islam Link (P.I Link) 1,000
The Water Agreements
Indus Waters Treaty 1960
Water Apportionment Accord 1991
S.N: 14
Inter-provincial Water Dispute
The Inter-provincial dispute on WaterDistribution was initiated during theconstruction of two mega IrrigationProjects i.e.
Sutlej Valley Canal Project 1932
Sukkur Barrage 1935
S.N: 15
Committees / commissions
1937 Anderson Committee
1945 Rau Commission
1968 Akhtar Hussain Committee
1970 Fazal-e-Akbar Committee
1976 Indus Waters Commission (Anwar-ul-Haq
Commission)
1983 Haleem Commission
1991 Water Accord
S.N: 16
INDUS BASIN RIVERS AVAILABILITY S.N: 17
PRE TREATY PERIOD
Annual Average River Flows
(MAF)
Western Rivers 142.0
Eastern Rivers 33.0
175.0
Uses by India from Eastern Rivers 9.0
Net Balance Eastern Rivers 24.0
availability for Pakistan
INDUS BASIN RIVERS AVAILABILITY S.N: 18
POST TREATY PERIOD
Annual Average River Flows
(MAF)
Western Rivers 140.8
Eastern Rivers 8.5
TOTAL 149.3
Water AccountPost Tarbela Average (1976.77 to 2015.16)
(MAF)
Western River 138.50
Eastern River 6.53
Total Western & Eastern River 145.03
Provincial Utilization 97.08
System Losses -18.46
* D/S Kotri 29.48
* Required D/S Kotri 8.6 MAF
S.N: 19
Western & Eastern River Post Tarbela (1976.77 to 2015.16)
(MAF)
RiversIndus @
Kalabagh
Jhelum @
Mangla
Chenab @
Marala
Eastern
RiversTotal
Maximum112.18
(1991-92)
32.00
(1992.93)
32.69
(1988-89)
19.98
(1978-79)
183.45
(1978-79)
Minimum66.81
(2001-02)
11.85
(2001-02)
17.85
(2009-10)
0.30
(2009-10)
99.05
(2001-02)
Average 89.94 22.72 25.84 6.53 145.03
S.N: 20
1. Cusec = Cubic foot per second
2. 1 Cusec day = 1 Cusec discharge for 24 hours
3. Acre foot = one foot height of water
over one acre
4. 1 Cusec day = 2 acre feet
5. 1 MAF = One million acre feet
6. 1 watering = 3 inches water over 1 acre area
S.N: 21
Comparison of Para 14 (b) vs Para 2(MAF)
Province Para 14 (b) % Para 2 %Difference
(4-2)% Increase
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Punjab 54.51 53.1 55.94 48.9 1.43 12
Sindh 43.53 42.4 48.76 42.6 5.23 45
Balochistan 1.63 1.6 3.87 3.4 2.24 19
KPK 3.06 3.0 5.78 5.1 2.72 24
Total 102.73 100 114.35 100 11.62 100
S.N: 22
Comparison of Para 14 (b), 2 & 4(Percentages)
Province Para 14 (b) Para 2 Para 4
1 2 3 4
Punjab 53.1 48.9 37
Sindh 42.4 42.6 37
Balochistan 1.6 3.4 12
KPK 3.0 5.1 14
Total 100.0 100.0 100
S.N: 23
25
Para 6
The need for storages, whereverfeasible on the Indus and other riverswas admitted and recognised by theparticipants for planned futureagricultural development.
S.N: 24
Reservoir Sedimentation S.N: 25
Reservoir Designed Present Sedimentation
Tarbela
Level 1550.00 1550.00 MAF %
Live
Storage9.68 6.33 -3.35 -35
Mangla
Level 1202.00 1202.00
Live
Storage5.34 4.50 -0.84 -16
Chashma
Level 649.00 649.00
Live
Storage0.72 0.28 -0.44 -61
Total Storage 15.74 11.11 -4.63 -29%
Mangla
Raising
2013
Live
Storage
1242.00
2.90
1242.00
2.900.0 0.0
Total 18.64 14.01 -4.63 -25
Provincial Allocationswith Additional Storage
(MAF)
Province
Pre
Mangla
1960-66
Post
Mangla
1967-76
Post
Tarbela
1977-82
Post
Kalabagh
Post
Bhasha &
Akhori
Punjab 48.35 49.86 54.51 55.94 61.49
Sindh *36.12 40.67 43.53 48.76 54.31
KPK 1.67 2.43 3.06 5.78 7.88
Balochistan - 0.49 1.63 3.87 5.67
Total 86.14 93.45 102.73 114.35 129.35
* Includes Balochistan
S.N: 26
Sr. # River Basin
Average
Annual
flow (MAF)
No. of Dams
Storage
Capacity
(MAF)
% age
Storage
1 Colorado 12 3 59.62 497
2 Nile 47 1 132 281
3Sutlej Bias
India (Total)
32
750
5
4,636
11.32
245
35
33
4 Yellow River 345 7 68.95 20
5 Columbia 179 3 34 19
6Indus & others
Rivers145 3
11.50
*14.01
8
10
7 World 20,000 - 8,000 40
* After Raising of Mangla
AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW AND STORAGE CAPACITY OF DAMS OF SOME MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Source: Wapda
S.N: 27
Para 7
The need for certain minimum escapage to sea,
below Kotri, to check sea intrusion was
recognised. Sindh held the view, that the
optimum level was 10 M.A.F., which was
discussed at length, while other studies
indicated lower/higher figures. It was, therefore,
decided that further studies would be undertaken
to establish the minimal escapge needs downstream Kotri.
29
S.N: 28
Recommended Escapage below Kotri
Kharif
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Total
Cfs 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
MAF >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 1.8 +**)
Rabi *)
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Total
cfs 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
MAF 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.8
Annual 3.6 +**)
*)In a dry year the amount can be proportionally reduced in relation to
the reductions in irrigation water supply
**)
A total volume of 25 MAF in any 5 years period (an annual equivalent
of 5 MAF) to be released in a concentrated way as flood flow (Kharif
period), to be adjusted according to the ruling storage in the reservoirs
and the volume discharged in the four previous years.
S.N: 29
31
WATER AVAILABILITY Vs POPULATION GROWTH
3888
2751
2129
1555
1282
1066915
858
34
46
65
84
115
139.5
195.5
167.72
208.4
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2010 2020 2025
YEAR
PE
R C
AP
ITA
AV
AIL
AB
ILIT
Y (
M)
3
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
PER CAPITA
AVAILIBILITY
POPULATION
GROWTH
WA
TE
R A
VA
ILA
BIL
ITY
(M
AF
)
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N (
Millio
n)
182 Million
(2015)
991 m3
2015
5650
S.N: 30
PER UNIT COST
Source Rs./kWh
Hydel 2.62
Gas 7.43
Coal 12.91
Baggase 12.98
Furnace Oil 17.58
Diesel (HSD) 23.43
Nuclear 5.98
Wind 11.62
Source: Wapda news item dated: April 04, 2015.
S.N: 31
1. Storages of 22 MAF presently flowing
annually D/S Kotri unutilized.
2. Assured minimum Escapages D/S
Kotri of 8.6 MAF per annum to check
sea water intrusion and ensure
sustainable environment.
3. Prevention/Mitigation of floods
4. Cheap Hydel electricity.
BENEFITS S.N: 32