![Page 1: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength
FingerprintsKaifei Chen
1
![Page 2: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Motivation of Indoor Localization Research
• Location based services - Indoor navigation - Occupancy-based energy saving - Augmented reality games - Item tracking - Targeted advertising - Social networking - Emergency response
• GPS doesn’t work well in buildings - Buildings block or attenuate GPS satellite signals - Indoor localization requires more accuracy (sub-meter vs
meters)
2
![Page 3: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal StrengthBahl and Padmanabhan. RADAR: An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system. INFOCOM 2000.
• Used 3 WiFi Access Points (AP)
• Collected signal strength at 70 distinct physical locations
• Collected in each of 4 directions
3
![Page 4: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength
4
![Page 5: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Goals of this Work• Validate assumptions about WiFi signals strengths,
after 14 years - Whether Signal Strengths are consistent? - Whether Signal Strengths are distinguishable? - How much data are missing in one scan?
• Explore potential improvements of localization results - How it is applied to room level accuracy? - Are there other information I can use for
localization?
5
![Page 6: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Data Collection• 8 wall-separated rooms/
spaces in AMPLab
• Collect WiFi Signal Strengths using Android 2.3 phones (LG Revolution VS910)
• Each room takes at least one day
• Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one scan
• 4 phones in 465H, 3 Android phones in other rooms
JonLand Jesse
Sanjay
PrashanthDavid Z
SteveArka AndrewK
RandyAnthonyDave Mike
AlanArmando
Ion Joey
Gautum Adam
Antonio Henry
Shivaram Daniel
Haoyuan NeerajaXinghao
DennyReynoldTim Ashia (ML) Gene
AndyMichael BethKristal MateiEvan
Yuchan (ML)
Joshua
Anand Tamara
StefanieFabianSara John PPurna
John D
Andre
Liwen Kaifei Ameet
Patrick Virginia Peter
Ali Mosharaf TD Yuan
AndrewW SameerCharlesGanesh
Kattt Sean andWorkstudy
David(Akaros) Barrett(Akaros)
Kevin(Akaros)
Jeremy(Brewer)
ML Cube
465A
465B
465C465E
465D465F
465G465H
465HA
465J 465K
475
477
479
481
483
485
487
489
493 495
494
492
405
449 447
413 415 417
420
419----
421
410
442 440
420A
445 443 441
6
![Page 7: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Raw Data Format• Data are stored as CSV files grouped by a list of directories
• One directory contains data that one phone collected in one room (I’m looking at only room level accuracy)
• Each CSV file contains these columns- epoch: UNIX timestamp of the sample - SSID: Service Set ID, or Wi-Fi network name - capability: the authentication, key management, and encryption
schemes supported by the access point. - BSSID: MAC address of the access point. - frequency: The frequency in MHz of the channel over which the client is
communicating with the access point. - RSSI: The detected signal level in dBm
• One WiFi scan generates several rows
7
![Page 8: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Raw Data Formatepoch,SSID,capability,BSSID,frequency,RSSI 1411334930872,EECS-Secure,[WPA2-EAP-CCMP],00:17:df:a7:4c:f0,2412,-80 1411334930872,EECS-Secure,[WPA2-EAP-CCMP],00:22:90:39:70:a0,2437,-93 1411334930872,EECS-PSK,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],00:22:90:39:70:a2,2437,-95 1411334930872,EECS-Secure,[WPA2-EAP-CCMP],00:22:90:39:b2:00,2412,-96 1411334930872,1350,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP-preauth],7c:cb:0d:02:18:94,2412,-96 1411334930872,EECS-PSK,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],00:17:df:a7:33:12,2462,-98 1411334930872,AMPCast,,fa:8f:ca:71:6c:0c,2437,-35 1411334930872,attwifi,,00:17:df:a7:4c:f5,2412,-79 1411334930872,AirBears,,00:17:df:a7:4c:f3,2412,-81 1411334930872,410BOX,,00:24:a5:f5:50:bb,2437,-82 1411334930872,EECS-Guest,,00:22:90:39:07:11,2437,-86 1411334930872,attwifi,,00:22:90:39:70:a5,2437,-91 1411334930872,EECS-Guest,,00:22:90:39:70:a1,2437,-93 1411334932261,AirBears2,[WPA2-EAP-CCMP],00:17:df:a7:4c:f4,2412,-82 1411334932261,EECS-PSK,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],00:17:df:a7:4c:f2,2412,-82 1411334932261,EECS-PSK,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],00:22:90:39:07:12,2437,-85 1411334932261,AirBears2,[WPA2-EAP-CCMP],00:22:90:39:07:14,2437,-87 1411334932261,EECS-Secure,[WPA2-EAP-CCMP],00:22:90:39:07:10,2437,-84 1411334932261,EECS-Secure,[WPA2-EAP-CCMP],00:23:04:89:cc:80,2412,-90
8
![Page 9: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Interesting…epoch,SSID,capability,BSSID,frequency,RSSI 1396946498451,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2462,-98 1396946499253,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2462,-98 1396775704009,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2437,-95 1396775706286,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2437,-94 1395593978380,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2462,-98 1395593980765,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2462,-97 1410797013384,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2437,-95 1410967812647,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2462,-97 1410967813473,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2462,-95 1410967815081,Please Hackers, Just Dont Please,[WPA2-PSK-CCMP],d0:22:be:c9:d9:3e,2462,-96
9
![Page 10: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Interesting…
10
![Page 11: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Data Features• 2,263,496 scans
• 37,813,320 RSSI values collected
• Each scan has 16.7 RSSI values on average
• 540 individual MACs we can hear in 8 rooms - A N-antena MIMO router can have N MACs - This includes many routers from other buildings
11
![Page 12: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Timestamps
12
![Page 13: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
RSSI Distribution
13
![Page 14: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Are RSSIs Stable?
14
![Page 15: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Are RSSIs Stable?
15
![Page 16: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Missing values
Room 465F, Phone 1, Left Upper of the Table
Room 465F, Phone 2, Right Upper of the Table
Room 465F, Phone 3, Bottom Middle of the Table16
![Page 17: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Missing values
Room 465F, Phone 3, Bottom Middle of the Table, Mostly Appeared AP
Room 465F, Phone 3, Bottom Middle of the Table, 2nd Mostly Appeared AP
17
![Page 18: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Missing values
• Missing values are not bursty over time
• Missing possibilities seem consistent
18
![Page 19: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Access Point Durations
19
![Page 20: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Access Point Frequencies
20
![Page 21: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Are RSSIs Distinguishable?
21
![Page 22: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Are RSSIs Distinguishable among Phones
22
![Page 23: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Are Appearance Possibility Distinguishable?
23
![Page 24: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Localization Performance• Normal RSSI Classification
• Remove Spurious APs
• Use Appear Possibility for Classification
24
![Page 25: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Normal RSSI Classification• Stratified Cross
Validation
• Use earliest group for training, which contains 22,639 scans
• Use latest group for testing, which contains 22,631 scans
• 76% accuracy25
![Page 26: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Remve Spurious APs• Only keep the union of
3 mostly appeared MACs in each room
• 69% Accuracy
26
![Page 27: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Use Appearance Possibility for Classification
• Aggregate MAC appearance possibility every 10 scans as features
• 88% Accuracy
27
![Page 28: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Use Appearance Possibility for Classification
28
![Page 29: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Conclusions & Future Work
29
• RSSIs are not consistent
• Appearance possibility can get more accurate results than using RSSI for localization
• They can potentially be combined
![Page 30: Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Signal Strength Fingerprints · Original Work using Wi-Fi Signal Strength Bahl and Padmanabhan. ... • Scan continuously, Android takes 800ms for one](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021915/5c8fbca809d3f28e0f8d0975/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thank you! Questions?