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Indoor Air Standards in Japan for Healthy Environment
Yoshika SekineSchool of Science, Tokai University, JapanSimon WattsBMS, Oxford Brookes University, UK
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Do you think ?
* The Last Samurai, Warner Bros.,2003** Sayuri, Columbia Pictures Industry, 2005
SAMURAIGEISHA
*
**
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Modern Japan
Economic power based on High-tech
Western style buildings
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Why Japanese companies are so good at making microchips?
M. Cross, New Scientist(1990)“…an important reason for Japan’s domination of the electronics market is that its people have a built-in “clean-room”mentality. It comes from the custom of changing shoes when stepping into another room.”
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Japanese climateJapanese climate
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month
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SHOSO-IN Treasure House
An eighth century building specially constructed to prevent the natural damage caused by Japanese damp climate. The raised floor structure ensures sufficient ventilation underneath to keep the inside dry.
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Raised floor structure in modern house
“Clean Room” mentality
*http://www.misawa.co.jp/kodate/
*
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“Sick House Syndrome”
“Sick Building Syndrome”Majority of patients: housewives and children in newly-built housesTypical air pollutants- Formaldehyde (HCHO)- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Why it happened in a house and invited a great social concern?
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Renewal cycle of house
141
103
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0 50 100 150
UK
USA
Fr
Ger
J
Renewal cycle (year)
Renewal cycle= No. of present houses /No. of newly-built houses per year
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Indoor air pollution by chemicals
Japanesehouse
Chemicalintolerance
Indoor airpollution
Use of chemicals
Large supply of houses
Air-tight
Saving energyAir change rate
< 0.2/h
Volatilization of chemicals
1970s~ 1990s~
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Case of a victim in Tokyo
Middle aged single womanIn Apr.1999, moving to a newly built apartment house in TokyoHealth disorder- eye mucus, throat pain, bronchus irritation, headache, unpleasant feeling with muscles, diarrhea, fatigue and failure of memoryPart-time librarian of a hospitalIn Mar.2000, diagnosis at hospital- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
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Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Medically unexplained symptom- different from allergy, acute poisoning
Damage on nerve system etc.Repeated and intermittent exposure to chemicals (non-specific structure, property)Cross-sensitization
- drugs, physical or psychological stressIn the case of Sick House Syndrome,most patients have been forced to move to another old house or replace building materials, sometimes at their expense.
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Efforts of reduction of chemicals(2)炭入り枕
Bamboo charcoal
Pillow filled with charcoal
PlantsAir cleaners
Door with air pathwayPassive sampler
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Concentration of formaldehyde
1999 2002
guideline
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Nation-wide survey
Questionnaire study for Japanese 4,000 adults (> age 20) (Uchiyama,2003)Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI)- developed by C. Miller (1998)Results- respondents: 2,851- suspected as chemical sensitivity: 0.74%Underestimate?- children: more sensitive to chemicals
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Governmental countermeasures
Setting Indoor Air Quality Guidelines of Chemicals (since 1997)Emission control and installation of ventilation system- Standard Building Law, 2003
Monitoring of indoor air concentrations ofchemicals in newly-built houses - Housing Quality Assurance Law , 2002
formaldehyde in buildings and school- Building Sanitation Law,2002
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Indoor Air Quality Guidelines- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
date chemicals CAS No. concnetration
1997.6 formaldehyde 50-00-0 100µg/m3(0.08ppm)
2000.6 toluene 108-88-3 260µg/m3(0.07ppm)
xylene 1330-20-7 870µg/m3(0.20ppm)
p -dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 240µg/m3(0.04ppm)
2000.12 ethylbenzene 100-41-4 3800µg/m3(0.88ppm)
styrene 100-42-5 220µg/m3(0.05ppm)
chlorpyriphos 2921-88-2 1µg/m3(0.07ppb)
0.1µg/m3(0.007ppb)for infant
di-n-butylphthalate 84-74-2 220µg/m3(0.02ppm)
TVOC 400µg/m3 *2001.7.5 tetradecane 629-59-4 330µg/m3
(0.04ppm)di-2-ethylhexylphthalate 84-66-2 120µg/m3
(7.6ppb)diazinone 33-41-5 0.29µg/m3
(0.02ppb)nonanal 124-19-6 41µg/m3
(7.0ppb)*2002.1 acetaldehyde 75-07-0 48µg/m3
(0.03ppm)fenobucarb 3766-81-2 33µg/m3
(3.8ppb)( ): coverted at 25 degC, *Draft value
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Formaldehyde (HCHO)
Emission sourceadhesives used for - plywood, MDF, particle board, - vinyl wall paperIndoor concentrations
Survey for 4,600 housing units in 2000 (by MLIT)- average 0.071ppm- 27.3% of the units
> the guidelinePlywood used for flooring
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The amended Building Standard Law
Enforced in July, 2003Applied to every habitable room of all buildingsRegulation on Chlorpyrifos- The use of Chlorpyrifos is bannedRegulation of Formaldehyde (HCHO)- Area size of HCHO-emitting materials used for interior finishing is restricted- Installation of 24h-ventilation system is mandatory to keep >0.5 ACH
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HCHO-emitting materials
Formaldehydeemitting buildingmaterials
Emission rateRestrictions oninterior finishingmaterials
Type 4 up to 5µg/m2h No restrictions
Type 3 5~20µg/m2h Limited area
Type 2 20~120µg/m2h
Type 1 over 120µg/m2h Prohibited
Determined by a small chamber method (JIS A 1901,2003)
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Housing Quality Assurance Law- Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
IAQ : One of the housing performanceMeasurement of indoor concentrations included in fields of the Housing Performance Indication SystemBy request of the house purchaser, house builders have to make a monitoring of indoor air conc. of chemicals in a newly-built house.Sampling & analytical methods: Standard protocol prepared by MOHLW
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Monitoring of Chemicals
Target substances;formaldehydetoluene, xylene, styrene and ethylbenzene
Standard sampling methods1) Active samplings (30min)2) Passive samplings (24h)
Passive samplers are commonly used for IAQ monitoring
Passive samplers
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IAQ standard for museum
substance limit values frequencyPM 0.15mg/m3
CO2 1000ppmCO 10ppmtemperature 17 - 28℃relative humidity 40 - 70 %air stream 0.5m/s
HCHO 0.1mg/m3in summer afterbeing built, reformedand fitted up
bi-monthly
*HCHO was added in 2002.
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Yearly change of HCHO conc.
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HCHO conc. exceedence
Indoor air concentrations of HCHO in newly-built houses (n=2,000)
http://www.skkm.org/houkoku/
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Air-cleaning materials based on “Clean-room” mentality
Air cleaner Air cleaning paint Air cleaning board
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Removal of airborne chemicalsprinciple methods/materials
physisorption activated charcoalporous ceramics
natural fiberschemisorption inorganic compounds
organic compoundsextracts
decomposition photocatalystozonolysis
catalytic decompositionmodified charcoalplasma discharge
minus ionsactivated oxygen
digestion bacterialblocking resins
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Passive air cleaning board
H2O+
CO2
HCHO
Pre-filter
MnO2 filterHCHO+2[O]→H2O+CO2
at room temperature
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Manganese dioxide
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HC
HO
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Prod
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CO
2(pp
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(MnO2:10g、PTFE Bag: 100L、21℃)
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Possible pathways
HCHO(g)+O(a)→ HCHOO(a) ……(1)
H C H O O ( a ) → H C O O ( a ) + H ( a )… … ( 2 )
H C O O ( a ) → C O 2 ( g ) + H ( a )… … ( 3 )
2 H ( a ) + O ( a ) → H 2 O… … ( 4 )
H C H O + 2 O → H 2 O + C O 2
… … ( 5 )Sekine,Y, Atmospheric Environment, 36,5543(2002)
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Field tests
Bath
Bedroom(b)
Bedroom(a)
Toilet
Kitchen
Living dining roomair-cleaning board total 9.8m2
air sampling site
Closet
N
1.5m2 1.0m2
0.8m2
1.5m2
3.0m2
1.0m2
1.0m2
Japanesestyle room
i Air-cleaning board
i Newly built and unoccupied apartment houses
i 3LDK(230m3)i N=0.15/hi May – Nov., 1998
Sekine,Y, et al. Atmospheric Environment, 35,2001(2001)
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Variation of HCHO concentrationIn
door
con
cent
ratio
n of
HC
HO
(ppm
)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 2100.0
0.1
0.2
air conditioner off
house without the board
house with the board
Elapsed time(days)
guideline
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Air cleaning materials with legal basis
In the Standard Building Law,Exemption from the restrictions for HCHOHabitable room- equipped with centrally controlled air
conditioner- in which the HCHO concentration can be
maintained at no more than 0.1mg/m3
Air-cleaning materials can be used with approval of the Minister of MLIT
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On-site colorimetric detector of HCHO
Virgin sample
Exposed to HCHO
Put on the surface
HCHOemittingmaterials
Colorimetric reagent
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User friendly technology
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Find out Japanese businessman