Download - Indoor Air Quality
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1 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Indoor Air QualityWEATHERIZATION ENERGY AUDITOR SINGLE FAMILY
WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010
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2 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
By attending this session participants will:• Learn about the factors effecting IAQ.• Understand the role moisture plays in IAQ.• Learn about moisture movement.• Learn pollutant remediation techniques.• Understand the requirements of ASHRAE 62.1989
and ASHRAE 62.2 2007.
Learning ObjectivesINDOOR AIR QUALITY
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3 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
• Moisture• Stored Toxic Materials• Carbon Monoxide (CO)• Radon• Sewer Gas• Other
IAQ, Moisture and VentilationINDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photo courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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4 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Sources of Water Vapor
Source Quarts per Day
Construction materials first year 40
Standing water in basement 30
Damp basement or crawlspace 25
Greenhouse connected to house 25
Humidifier - large 20
Drying 1 cord of firewood 16
Clothes dryer vented to inside 13
Respiration/perspiration – 4 people 4.7
Clothes washing 2.1
Unvented gas range 1.3
Cooking without lids 1.0
Houseplants – average number 0.5
Dish washing 0.5
Floor mopping 0.4
Showering/bathing 0.3
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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5 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Moisture Movement
Diffusion Through Surface Convection Through Holes
Air molecules are blocked.
Water vapor molecules are passed.
Air flow
Both water vapor and air molecules pass through.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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6 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Permeance of Building Materials
Permeance of Building MaterialsMaterial placed on the warm side of a building surface to retard diffusion of water vapor is called a vapor barrier. Material intended to retard convection is called an air barrier. Material which accomplishes both is termed an air/vapor barrier. A material qualifies as a vapor barrier if its permeance is 1.0 perm of less.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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7 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
What Determines IAQ?INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photos courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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8 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Pollutant Action Tree
Source• Eliminate• Encapsulate• Dilute
Driver• Eliminate • Weaken
Path• Eliminate• Block
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photo courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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9 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
IAQ and Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity and Indoor Air Quality RelationshipsDecrease in bar width indicates decrease in effect
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Dust Mites
Respiratory Infections
Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma
Clinical Interactions
Ozone Protection
Percent Relative Humidity 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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10 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Outside Air and IAQ
How much outside air do we need for good IAQ?How do we get it?
Mechanical FansBuoyancyStack effect - warm air rising
Exhaust Fan
WIND DIRECTION
Wind
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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11 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
How is Natural Ventilation Calculated?
WIND DIRECTION
positive pressure
negative pressure negative pressure
positive pressure
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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12 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Building Tightness Limit, Building Tightness Limit “a”, & Minimum Ventilation GuidelinesINDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photos courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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13 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
The amount of air leakage across any barrier is dependent on:
• Hole size
• Hole type
• The pressure differential
MVG Theory
Resulting in turbulent flow vs. linear flow vs. “drag”/friction
Long/narrow vs.big/round
Thick vs. thin surface
“Hairy” vs. smooth bore
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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14 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Random Hole Type?
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photos courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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15 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Neutral pressure plane
Random Size & Distribution?INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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16 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Tiny, deep bore, crack type holes through multiple layers located where wind and stack effect are minimal.
What’s Left?INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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17 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
ASHRAE 62.1989INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photos courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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18 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
ASHRAE 62.2-2007INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photos courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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19 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Floor Area (ft2)
BEDROOMS
0 - 1 2 - 3 4 - 5 6 - 7 >7
< 1500 30 45 60 75 90
1501 – 3000 45 60 75 90 105
3001 – 4500 60 75 90 105 120
4501 – 6000 75 90 105 120 135
6001 – 7500 90 105 120 135 150
> 7500 105 120 135 150 165
Table 4.1a: Minimum Ventilation Air Requirements, CFM, New Buildings1
1 R.J. Karg of R.J. Karg, Associates
ASHRAE 62.2-2007 Table
45
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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20 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
• Assumes two occupants in master bedroom and one in the other bedrooms. Over this density, increase ventilation by 7.5 cfm/person.
• Whole building, intermittently operating ventilation may be used under some conditions for compliance.
• Ventilation air must come directly from the outdoors.
• Credit is allowed for envelope air leakage in some cases, based on ASHRAE 62.2 and 136.
Qfan = 0.01Afloor + 7.5(Nbedroom + 1)
A = conditioned floor area; “the part of the building that is capable of beingthermally conditioned for the comfort of occupants.” (ASHRAE 62.2, p.3)
2 R.J. Karg of R.J. Karg, Associates
ASHRAE 62.2-2007 Formula
New or Existing Buildings2:
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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21 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
• Use ASHRAE 62.2-2007.• When using ASHRAE 62.1989:
– Install the MVG recommended fan capacity.
– Use client education on running fans for moisture control/mitigation to establish fan run time.
What are Auditor’s Choices?INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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22 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Installing FansINDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photo courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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23 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Upgrading ASHRAE 62.1 Installations to 62.2
Install Fan Control Measure fan flow
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
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24 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Air-to-Air Heat ExchangerINDOOR AIR QUALITY
Photo courtesy of The US Department of Energy
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25 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010 eere.energy.gov
Summary
· IAQ depends on the pollutant source strength and the air change rate. Elimination at the source is preferable to confinement, which is preferable to dilution.
· Many pollutants are present in the average home: The air change rate is a function of inside to outside pressure difference, hole size, and hole location.
· A higher air change rate equals better IAQ, and usually higher space conditioning costs.
· ASHRAE 62.1 and 62.2-(2004 or 2007) guidelines are acceptable.
· Quality fans installed and used properly help ensure healthy IAQ.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY