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Individual variation and migration
Dr. Steven Cooke
Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Lab
Carleton University, Ottawa
Dr. Kathryn Peiman
Lake Ontario Atlantic Salmon
Restoration Program
Coordinator, OFAH
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Why care about individual variation?
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Why care about individual variation?
• The stuff of natural selection
• Not due to age or sex
• Individual differences in:• behaviour: bold-shy; aggressive; exploratory -> personality
• physiology: metabolic rate, hormones, immunity
• morphology: feeding; movement -> resource polymorphism
• life history: life span, fecundity, age at maturity -> r vs k selection
• Feedback among categories (cause/effect)
• Genetic vs induced by the environment
• Consistent over time vs flexible
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Réale et al 2010 Phil Trans Roy Soc B
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Stressors affect variation
Killen et al. 2013 Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Mild stressor (differential sensitivity to stressor)
Severe stressor (single best response)
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• what happens during one part of your life affects outcome during another part
• causes and consequences
Carryover effects
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• feeding location in the ocean affects ability to migrate/spawn (fitness consequence of carryover effect)
• successful migrators/spawners were offshore, feeding at a lower trophic level (more –ve stable isotopes)
Sockeye salmon (British Columbia)
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320 km
40 km
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Final (death) Initial (near-end migration) endogenous resources carryover effect
scale, adipose scale, adipose, blood
Do successful migrators/spawners have different initial isotope values than failed migrators/spawners?
2-27 days
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Do successful migrators have different initial isotope values than failed migrators?
x
No – but only 6 failures
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Do successful spawners have different isotope values than failed spawners?
Males: Are isotope values related to morphology?
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
-22.00 -21.00 -20.00 -19.00 -18.00
Bo
dy
dep
th a
t d
eath
(in
ches
)
δC scale initial
Carryover effect: initial values – no
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Other effects
• Males: more enriched δC and δN, later capture date (scale, adipose, and blood)
• Carryover effect – assuming early arrival is good
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
18-Aug 20-Aug 22-Aug 24-Aug 26-Aug 28-Aug 30-Aug 01-Sep
δN
sca
le in
itia
l
Migration date
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Brown trout (Denmark)
• partial migration
• migrant vs resident phenotype
• individual threshold controlled by genetics,
environment
• timing of migration within migratory phenotype
• natural variation contributes to both (body condition,
body size, growth rate)
• manipulated variation (causes of carryover effect)
• chase, food deprivation, temperature increase
• cortisol – hormone released when hypothalamic-
pituitary-interrenal axis activated; mimicking ‘stress
response’Peiman et al. 2017 Oecologia
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Natural variation: the migrant vs resident phenotype
Small, poor-condition individuals were migratory
• constrained by low food availability
• empirical evidence mixed
Treatments had no effectMigratory
Resident
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pro
po
rtio
n m
igra
ted
Migration date (Oct 26 = day 1)
control
thermal challenge
chase
food deprivation
cortisol
sham
June 15Oct 26
Stress affects migration date: cortisol treated fish migrated earlier
cortisol
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Low growth-rate individuals under stress migrated earlier
Thermal stress
Food deprivation
...unexpected result!
March 16 140
150
160
170
180
190
200
-0.04 0.01 0.06 0.11 0.16
Mig
rati
on
dat
e
Specific growth rate (% day-1)
May 19
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White suckers (Ontario)
• tagged fish returns (2018)
• individual consistency across years
• predictors of skip spawning (cortisol -> physiology;
morphology; timing -> behaviour; diet)
What are the
correlates of
migration timing?
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Cobourg Creek
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Correlates of migration timing: date of migration (behaviour) and physiology
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bas
elin
e co
rtis
ol (
ng
/ml)
May 30April 17
0
100
200
300
400
500
26-Mar 05-Apr 15-Apr 25-Apr 05-May 15-May 25-May 04-Jun 14-Jun 24-Jun
Cu
mu
lati
ve n
um
ber
Causes:-lake conditions?-contaminants?-physiology?
Consequences:-reproduction?-skip spawning?
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Stressors affect variation
Killen et al. 2013 Trends in Ecology and Evolution
-food availability, distribution-density-hypoxia-water velocity-predation risk-temperature-pollutants-dehydration-refuge availability-anthropogenic noise, light
-change the amount of variation present on which natural selection can act-select for certain phenotypes
Example: low food -> high MR lose mass -> bolder -> more predation -> low fitness for high MRExample: repeated temp changes -> flexibility -> optimal conditions -> high fitness for flexibility
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BC:
Steven Cooke, Michael Power, David Patterson, Scott Hinch, Matt Casselman, N’QuatquaFirst Nations, St’át’imctechnicians
Denmark:
Steven Cooke, Kim Aarstrup, Kim Birnie-Gauvin, Martin Larsen, Jon Midwood, Alex Wilson
Acknowledgements