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Water Quality in the Saco River: yIndicators of Watershed Health
Tyler Spillane Stephan Zeeman, PhD
Shelby Braese Claire Whalen Linda JordanShelby Braese, Claire Whalen, Linda Jordan, Emily Brzycki, Amanda Liebau, Allegra Tedder, Kim Malkoski, Stephen Giunta, Bailey Rahn, Megan Perry Marissa Redding Amanda RosaMegan Perry, Marissa Redding, Amanda Rosa
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OutlineOutline
• Water QualityWater Quality• Indicator Bacteria• Population Growth• Population Growth• ChlorophyllN t i t• Nutrients
• Dissolved Oxygen• Indicator Status• Future Issues
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Why Monitor Bacteria?Why Monitor Bacteria?
• Indicator Bacteria: Bacteria used to measure levels of other pathogens and contaminants in water.
• Used for testing inA Maine Beach.http://jeskeonline.net• Used for testing in:
– Recreational waters– Shellfish growing water
/Pictures/Oct13/Maine%20beach.JPG
S e s g o g ate– Public water
• Types: – coliform bacteria:
• Escherichia coli– enterococci and streptococci E. coli bacteria
// / /enterococci and streptococci http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg/250px‐EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg
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The other reasonThe other reason
• Indicator bacteria are just that – they indicateIndicator bacteria are just that they indicate sources of other possible pollutants.
• Mostly point source from treated sewage• Mostly point source – from treated sewage discharges, but also some non‐point sources –wildlife runoff etcwildlife, runoff, etc.
• What other kinds of pollutants?– Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, other organic pollutants, nutrients
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The Saco River and BacteriaThe Saco River and Bacteria
• Watershed spans 1700 square milesWatershed spans 1700 square miles• Runs through 29 towns, 3 counties, and 2 states with 11 drainage areasstates, with 11 drainage areas.
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SamplingSampling
• SamplingSampling– 18 sites along the riverSampled roughly monthly since December 2010– Sampled roughly monthly since December 2010
• Somewhat more inconsistent since 2013.
– Measured –– Measured –• Total coliform bacteria and E. coli – very good (mostly) • Dissolved oxygen ‐ excellentDissolved oxygen excellent• Nutrients – very good• Chlorophyll – very good
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Methods: Monitoring BacteriaMethods: Monitoring Bacteria
• Sample entire river once a monthSample entire river once a month– Collect 100ml samples in sterile bottles– Samples are kept on ice untilbrought in for processing.
• Samples are processed using the Idexx Colilert‐18© system– Most Probable Number (MPN)
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2012Recreational Water Quality Criteria
US EPA OFFICE OF WATER 820‐F‐12‐058
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Geometric Mean E. coli numbersGeometric Mean E. coli numbers
300
350
200
250
Mean
MPN
50
100
150 2012 RWQC
0
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Site
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Relation of Total Coliform bacteria to lE. coli
25
y = 0.0565x ‐ 3.1215R² 0 5723
20
i R² = 0.5723
10
15
metric
mean ‐E
. coli
5
10
Geo
m
00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Geometric Mean ‐ Total Coliforms
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Seasonal VariabilitySeasonal Variability700
500
600
300
400
metric
Mean (M
PN)
Winter
Spring
S
100
200
Geo
m Summer
Fall
2012 RWQC
0
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Site
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3
2
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North Conway Treatment PlantNorth Conway Treatment Plant
• No direct discharge to the riverNo direct discharge to the river– Rapid infiltration to groundwater
• Uses a nitrogen and phosphorus removal• Uses a nitrogen and phosphorus removal process
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Seasonal VariabilitySeasonal Variability700
500
600
300
400
metric
Mean (M
PN)
Winter
Spring
S
100
200
Geo
m Summer
Fall
2012 RWQC
0
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Site
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14
1515
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Saco River Corridor CommissionSaco River Corridor Commission
• The SRCC has collected water quality data forThe SRCC has collected water quality data for many years.
• Some sites near the Saco/Biddeford:• Some sites near the Saco/Biddeford:– Swan Pond Brook – Impaired (E. coli)Th h B k I i d ( b– Thatcher Brook – Impaired (urban stormwater, non‐point source)S Ri E t I i d (CSO)– Saco River Estuary – Impaired (CSO)
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Saco R. 19
Swan Pond Brook Saco R. Estuary
Thatcher Brook
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2500
Saco River 19, Escherichia coliAbove Skelton Dam
2000
1500
s/10
0mL) April
May
June
1000
E. coli (colonie June
July
August
September
October
500
Average
02001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
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2500
Swan Pond Brook 26 Escherichia coli
2000
1500
nies/100
mL)
April
May
June
July
1000
E. coli (colo
Ju y
August
September
October
November
500
Average
02002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
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2500
Thatcher Brook 27, Escherichia coli
2000
1500
onies/10
0mL)
April
May
June
July
1000
E. coli (colo
y
August
September
October
November
500
Average
02002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
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2500
Saco River 21, Escherichia coliSaco Bay Yacht Club ramp
2000
1500
es/100
mL)
April
May
June
1000
E. coli (colonie
July
August
September
October
November
500
November
Average
02001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
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Saco River Corridor Commission lResults
• The SRCC data also confirm the lower valuesThe SRCC data also confirm the lower values upstream from Biddeford and Saco, and higher values in the estuaryhigher values in the estuary.
• They point to localized “hot spots” in some tributariestributaries.
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Bottom lineBottom line
• Most of the time the E coli along the river areMost of the time the E. coli along the river are below EPA criteria.
• Higher levels are observed near Conway NH• Higher levels are observed near Conway, NH and below the dam at Saco and Biddeford.S l d b d i h hi h• Seasonal trends are observed with higher values in summer and fall.– Spring, summer and fall around Biddeford and Saco.
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Relation to Population SizeRelation to Population Size
40 000
45,00025
30,000
35,000
40,000
20
ize
N)
*
20,000
25,000
10
15
mated
Pop
ulation Si
metric
Mean (M
PN
Average MPN
Pop. Size
10,000
15,000
5
10
EstimGeo
0
5,000
0Sites 1‐5 Sites 6‐12 Sites 13‐18
Region Location
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Population GrowthPopulation Growth
• To model population growth and land useTo model population growth and land use changes we looked at Conway, NH, as an exampleexample.
• We used IDRISI from Clark Labs and its Land Change ModelerChange Modeler
• Using Data from 1992, 2001, and 2010 we di d di i f 2030predicted conditions for 2030.
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Conway, NHConway, NHPay attention to !
Maine
Predicting growth 1992‐2030
New Hampshire
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1992
Fryeburg
19922001
Conway
North Conway
2010 2030predicted
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Gauging the Health of New England’s Lakes and Ponds,New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, 2010
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Gauging the Health of New England’s Lakes and Ponds,New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, 2010
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ChlorophyllChlorophyll35.00
Chlorophyll (mg/l)
25.00
30.00
15 00
20.00
orop
hyll µg
/l)
1/4/2012
11/2/2013
12/7/2013
10.00
15.00
Chlo 12/7/2013
2/2/2014
4/6/2014
0.00
5.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20SiteSite
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Chlorophyll – Seasonal TrendChlorophyll Seasonal Trend
14 00
Chlorophyll Mean for all samples
10 00
12.00
14.00
6 00
8.00
10.00
phyll M
ean (µg/l)
Mean
2 00
4.00
6.00
Chlorop Mean
0.00
2.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Month
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NutrientsNutrients
• Nutrients are substances required for growthNutrients are substances required for growth– In the case of water quality, it refers specifically to plant or algae growthplant or algae growth
• The important plant nutrients areNitrogen– Nitrogen
• Nitrate, nitrite, ammonium
Phosphorus– Phosphorus• Soluble reactive phosphorus
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NitrateNitrate
Nitrate
0.8
0.9
1
t ate
0.5
0.6
0.7
tration (m
g/l)
0.2
0.3
0.4
Concen
t
Nitrate Mean
0
0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Site
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PhosphatePhosphate1.6
Phosphate
1.2
1.4
0.8
1
centratio
n (m
g/l)
Phosphate Mean
0 2
0.4
0.6Conc
0
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Site
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Saco Bay NutrientsSaco Bay Nutrients
• EPA sampling 7/2/2010
Site DepthTP
(mg/l)TN
(mg/l)
EPA sampling 7/2/2010
Site Depth (mg/l) (mg/l)1.00 Surface 0.0249 0.221.00 Mid 0.0316 0.241 00 Bottom 0 0380 0 351.00 Bottom 0.0380 0.352.00 Surface 0.0216 0.212.00 Mid 0.0228 0.202.00 Bottom 0.0494 0.372.00 Bottom 0.0494 0.37
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Dissolved OxygenDissolved Oxygen14
10
12
n
6
8
Dissolved
Oxygen
5/26/2011
6/30/2011
9/24/2011
11/6/2011
2
4
11/6/2011
00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Site
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Report SummaryReport Summary
• Water QualityWater Quality – E. coli – very good (mostly) Chlorophyll very good– Chlorophyll – very good
– Nutrients – very goodDi l d ll t– Dissolved oxygen – excellent
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Report Summary ‐ CaveatsReport Summary Caveats
• There are areas and times that show reducedThere are areas and times that show reduced water quality
• Future growth may have deleterious effects• Future growth may have deleterious effects unless we plan for it.
• New and legacy pollutants may be problematic – we did not measure these.p
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Water Quality in the New England Coastal Basins, Maine, NewMaine, New Hampshire, Massachussetsand Rhode Island, 1999 20011999‐2001. Robinson et. al. 2004. USGS Circular 1226.
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Things Not MeasuredThings Not Measured
• PAHs PCBs pesticides lead mercury (andPAHs, PCBs, pesticides, lead, mercury (and methyl mercury)
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Watersheds with less than 5%less than 5% urbanization usually had no detections above 0.005 µg/l.
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Questions?Questions?