India’s Ascent up the 5G Ladder
PROF. KIRAN KUCHI
I IT HYDERABAD
Outline of the Talk
•Current India perspective
• India’s contributions at 3GPP, ITU and TSDSI-RIT
•5G R&D at IITH – Some demos
•Q/A
2
India Scenario
• 5G, IoT Technology ownership and control is critical to
National interest
• Enhancing Current R&D capabilities – domestic manufacturing
and export oriented
• Big thrust on IP/IPR creation
• Influence standards - Alignment of Global requirements with
India’s needs
• TSDSI/3GPP/ITU
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What’s Unique about India’s Mobile Telephony
• Mobile Broadband (MBB) is the prime source of internet access in India
• 80% of internet traffic generated by Mobile phones
• Voice users: 64 crore Urban Vs 50 crore rural users
Source: TRAI report
Source: TRAI report
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What’s Unique about India’s Mobile Telephony
• 11 Gb per month average data consumption per smart phone – Highest in the world
• Cheapest rates in the world
• Spectrum for 4G: TD-LTE 20 MHz/operator, 4G primary work horse
• 5G spectrum at 3.5 GHz, 60-100 Mhz operator?
• MBB being prime source of internet, reliable indoor coverage key especially in 5G bands
• 5G urban cells smaller than 4G,
• 5G Rural cells larger than 4G
• Urban and Indian rural different set of requirements
Source: TRAI Report
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What’s next in IoT
• Indian operators to launch Nation-wide NB-IoT services
• Smart metering gaining significant traction
• EESL deployed 1.2 Million electricity meters.
• DISCOMs were able to generate 95% billing efficiency during COVID
• 15-20% average increase in revenue/customer
• Wrt IoT, we are just scratching the surface, whole lot of new applications on the unveil
• Video surveillance will be a prime application for 5G NR-based IoT modems
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India Rural Scenario
• For the first time, India has more rural net users
than urban Indian – ToI
• Rural settings are quite important (especially
after COIVD-19)
• Significant investments will be made in this space
Internet in Indian Rural Scenario
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Bharat Net – A Quick Glance!
• Project cost: 45,000 crore INR
• Fiber to reach all 2.5 Lakh Gram Panchayat’s
(GP) in India
• Length of fiber laid till date
• 4.45 Lakh Km
• Fiber laid and equipment connected till date
• 1.4 Lakh GPs
• Number of WiFi APs planned to be installed
• 1Lakh
• WiFi an interim solution –
• 5G to address last mile connectivity at GP
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Basic Architecture
Gram
Panchayat
Village
Village
VillageVillage
BS at the GP should
serve the nearby villages
1. Cell radius
2. UE height
3. Mobility model
4. Target edge/average cell spectral efficiency
Important configuration parameters
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Fig. courtesy: Prof. Ganti, IITM
Distribution of the Distance between Villages and their Closest Gram Panchayat
• Radius of 3 Km (ISD = 3√𝟑 = 5.19 Km)
• Covers only 60% of the villages
• Radius of 3.46 Km, (ISD = 3.46√𝟑 = 6 Km)
• Covers only 68% of the villages,
• Radius of 6 Km, (ISD = 𝟔√𝟑 = 10.3 Km)
• Covers 95% of the villages
The GP and village list was obtained from the government website http://lgdirectory.gov.in/.
ISD: Inter Site Distance, R: Radius
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Fig. courtesy: Prof. Ganti, IITM
Status of current technologies – story until 2018
• Till IMT-2020, ITU did not have a rural use case that suited to rural needs of developing countries.
• Hence, the IMT advanced technology development (such as 4G LTE) did not meet rural requirements in
countries like India.
• Recall the GP distribution shown earlier
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India’s Journey at 3GPP
Indian 5G Contributions at 3GPP
• IITH@3GPP
• 200+ TDOCs: NB-IoT and 5G NR Rel 15/16/17
• Partners: IITM, CEWiT, Reliance Jio, Tejas Networks
• A new waveform “pi/2 BPSK with spectrum shaping” introduced to enhance cell edge coverage
• Almost constant envelope signal, drives PA right at saturation point, 3 dB additional power compared to
QPSK DFT-S-OFDM, and up to 5-db gain compared to CP-OFDM
• 5G NR Rel-17 “Coverage Enhancement”
• Massive MIMO/Cell-free MIMO push at 3GPP continues
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India’s Journey at ITU
Defines xG
• Established: 1865
• UN agency
• Spectrum harmonisation
3G
IMT-2000
4G
IMT-Adv
5G
IMT-2020
Ratified in WRC and signed by all the countries
10 years 10 years
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3GPP Organizational Partners
• Defines requirements
• Partnership between 7 SDOs
• TSDSI Standards
3GPP, TSDSI and ITU
Fig. courtesy: Qualcomm
LMLC and TSDSI RITNote: There are two parallel tracks here1. Prof. Ganti, IITM led the technical effort at ITU WP 5D with background technical support from IITH, CEWIT. Additional supporters include: Tejas Networks, CDOT, RJIO. TSDSI secretariat and DOT instrumental in garnering multi-country support etc.2. 3GPP 5G NR specification efforts primarily led by Prof. Kuchi, IITH and Dr. Klutto Milleth, CEWiT since 2015. Additional supporters include: IITM, Tejas Networks, RJIO. Meity, DOT provided the R&D funding, and TSDSI secretariat offered additional organizational support
Basic architecture
Gram
Panchayat
Village
Village
VillageVillage
BS at the GP should
serve the nearby villages
1. Cell radius
2. UE height
3. Mobility model
4. Target edge/average cell spectral efficiency
Important configuration parameters
Target cell radius is minimum 6Km
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Fig. courtesy: Prof. Ganti, IITM
ITU Mandatory Requirements for IMT 2020
• A RIT/SRIT should fulfil the TPR of all the test-environments
• The TPR for a test-environment is fulfilled if it is fulfilled for one of the test configurations
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Low Mobility Large Cell Configuration
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Low Mobility Large Cell Configuration Evaluation Criteria
NOTE 1: This requirement applies to Macro TRxP layer of the Dense Urban – eMBB environment as described in ITU-R M.[IMT-2020.EVAL].
The performance requirement for Rural-eMBB is also applicable to Rural-eMBB LMLC (Low Mobility Large Cell) which is one of the evaluation
configurations under the Rural- eMBB test environment. The details (e.g. 8 km inter-site distance) can be found in Report ITU-R M.[IMT2020.EVAL].
Report ITU-R M.2411-0(11/2017)Requirements, evaluation criteria andsubmission templates for thedevelopment of IMT-2020
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eMBB mMTC URLLC
Indoor Hotspot
eMBB
Dense Urban
eMBB
Rural
eMBB
ITU Evaluation
ScenariosUrban
macro
mMTC
Urban
macro
URLLCTest Environments
Config A
4 GHz
Config B
30 GHz
Config C
70 GHz
Config A
4 GHz (1 layer)
Config B
30 GHz (1 layer)
Config C
4/30 GHz (2 layer)
Config A
700 MHz
ISD 1.732km
120/500 km/h
Config B
4 GHz
ISD 1.732km
120/500 km/h
LMLC
700 MHz
ISD 6km
30 km/h
Config A
ISD 500m
Config B
ISD 1.732 km
Config A
4 GHz
Config B
700 MHz
Test ConfigurationsTPR are defined for
the Test Environments
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TSDSI RIT
3GPP 5G standard
IndianEnhancements
To address Indian needs
Technical studies done and accepted in TSDSI
TSDSI RIT cleared step-7 ITU WP5D
One of the key element of TSDSI RIT is “pi/2 BPSK with spectrum shaping” waveform – aimed at LMLC coverage expansion
Pi/2 BPSK waveform expected to be supported in India mandatorily by gNB and UE starting with Rel-16
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TSDSI RIT cleared step-7 of 8 step process at ITU-R
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5G R&D at IITH
Building end to end 5G Test Bed- A collaborative project
IITMIITB IITH
IISc
IITD
IITK
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Massive MIMO Testbed
First Massive MIMO demo in 2017
Design and Experimentally Validate PHY Algos, Linear Vs Non-linear precoder, Large antenna arrays: 12-48 layers
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Cell-free MIMO Demonstration
Indoor Cell-free Massive MIMO demo conducted at IITH in 2016
Submitted as a candidate for 3GPP Rel-15/16/17 WI, proposal yet to gain traction
BS1
BS3BS2
UE1
UE2
UE3
• RRHs distributed inside 4th floor of IITH campus
• RRHs connected by fiber to a baseband cloud (pool of DSPs)
• One UE/RRH, full BW allocation, reuse-1
• Spectrum-efficiency (SE)/UE recorded for:
• TD-LTE PHY and Cell-free MIMO PHY
• CDF of SE shown here for 6 distributed RRHs in a cloud
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Recent 5G-ORAN Demos @IITH
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ORAN Based 5G demos
gNB architecture for Split 8
• FAPI encoder and decoder compliant with Rel-10 small cell forum specifications.
• The PHY block includes:
• All DL and UL PHY channels
• Master L1 controller controlling each of the PHY IP’s through individual component controllers.
• FFT and IFFT IPs from Xilinx
• LDPC and Polar IPs from Xilinx
• Cyclic Prefix addition and removal blocks.
• Resource Block mapper and de-mapper for DL and UL channels respectively.
• Time and frequency domain de-mapping a multi-sub carrier spacing system (e.g. PRACH).
gNB architecture for Split 7.2x
• All features supported in Split 8
• Block floating point compression and decompression on DU and RU
• ORAN CUS plane support
• PTP synchronization.
FAPI CODEC
PHY
FAPI CODEC
PHYORAN +
DU Handler
RU Handler
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5G Base Station: Demo-1
Setup Description:
DL frame transmitted from ZCU 111 RFSOC
1. SSB, 1 SSB in 5 ms half frame, 10ms periodicity
2. PDCCH, 2 symbols
3. PDSCH, 64 QAM
R&S decodes the downlink Tx frame
DL Tx PHY IP
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5G Base Station: Demo-2
ORAN CU Plane + Basic S-Plane demo
DU RU
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5G Base Station and UE: Demo-3
gNB
ZCU 111 RFSOC
SSBTx
PDSCHTx
PUSCH Rx
UE
ZCU 111 RFSOC
SSBRx
PDSCHRx
PUSCH Tx
• Demonstration: 3.35 GHz RF band, Max data rates 2.4 Gbps
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5G NR BS and UE Demo setup
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ORAN Compliant L2/L3 gNB and UE Stack
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Protocol Stack
MAC
RLC
PHY Radio
Protocol Stack
UE
NASFramework
PDCP
SDAP
RRC
UE gNB 5GC
3rd Party Part of Protocol Stack
MAC
RLC
PHY Radio
Protocol Stack
gNB
Framework
PDCP
SDAP
RRC
Interfaces
Wired with SFP+ Ports Wired with SFP+ Ports- 3GPP Rel-15 Compliant L2L3 for both gNB
& UE
- UE and gNB are wire connected [Phy&Radio
are being bypassed]
- Abstracted/Dummy Physical Layer is being
used
- gNB’s max throughput: 10Gbps, round-trip
latency sub 1ms
- Current Reference Platform: x86, 6 Core,
3.2GHz
- Stack with C-Code with ARM & x86
Compatibility
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gNB Protocol Stack[5G NR L2/L3]: Overview
AMF
SMF
UPFRLC
RRC SDAP
PDCP-UPDCP-C
MAC
HIGH PHY
RLC
MAC
HIGH PHY
LOW PHY
RF
LOW PHY
RF
CU
DU DU
RU RU
CU-CP
CU-UP
NG-UE1
F1-C F1-U
5GC
NG-C
- Stack that supports co-located sub-layers as
well as distributed [DU-CU split]
- Currently supports most of the mandatory
features
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gNB L2/L3 Modules
SDAP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
RRC
QoS Flow Mapping
Segmentation
Ciphering De-Ciphering Integrity Protection
PDCP DuplicationRoHC
Reassembly
SchedulerChannel
Multiplexing De-Multiplexing L1-L2 Interface
ARQTM/UM/AM
Entities
HARQPriority
HandlingLogical Channel
Mapping
ConfigMgmt
Measurement Mgmt
NAS Encap/Decap
MobilitySecurity
Interfaces NG-C NG-U Xn E1 F1-C F1-U
RB Mgmt
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UE L2/L3 Modules
SDAP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
RRC
Reflective Mapping (UE)
Segmentation
Ciphering De-Ciphering Integrity Protection
PDCP DuplicationRoHC
Reassembly
Channel Multiplexing
De-Multiplexing L1-L2 Interface
ARQ TM/UM/AM Entities
HARQ
Priority Handling
Logical Channel Mapping
ConfigMgmt
Measurement UE Procedures
MobilitySecurity
NAS MobilitySessionMgmt
NAS Security
Registration
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Demonstration of 5G NR Protocol Stack
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• Demo of 5G NR Stack:• 5G NR Stack Demonstration on x86, 9 Gbps support• gNB to UE stack-to-stack communication• 3rd party core
NB-IoT SoC
KEY DESIGN DIFFERENTIATORS, APPLICATION DIAGRAM
•Operates from single battery supply
•On SoC RF for both NB-IoT and GNSS
•Powerful DSP processing capabilities
•Advanced Power Management
•Supply capabilities for sensor hub and eSIM
•SOC tapeout in Q4 2020
The NB-IOT SOC
NB-IoT SoC
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Summary
•Leading 5G IP creation, in shaping the domestic 5G ecosystem
•Credible impact on the global stage
• Indigenous 5G development likely to speed up in the near term
• IITH R&D funding agencies: Meity since 2011, and DOT since
2018
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