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Inclusion and Development
Vinod Thomas
Director General for Independent Evaluation
Asian Development Bank
30 August 2012 | Bangkok, Thailand
Impact and Policy Conference: Evidence in Governance,
Financial Inclusion, and Entrepreneurship
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Risks to sustainable growth
• Economic and financial shocks
• Rising climate-related disasters
• Rising inequalities
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Inclusion as key to sustainable growth
Facilitates greater sharing of the gains
Draws on all segments as sources of growth
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Three Ingredients of Inclusion
• Entrepreneurship
• Innovation
• Governance
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Need for careful analysis
Example: Health Reform Project in Tver and Kaluga in Russia
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Entrepreneurship
• Human capital and growth
• Education inequality
• Access versus quality
• Markets, relevance, skills
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Skill intensive exports:in China and India
7
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Note: PRC = People’s Rep. of China, ROW = rest of the world Source: UNCTADStat, http://unctadstat.unctad.org
Composition of PRC’s manufacture exports to ROW Composition of India’s manufacture exports to ROW
Skill Intensive Exports: in China and India
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Entrepreneurship: Skills training
IT-based training
Provides assistance for start-up microenterprises
• equipment on lease
• startup financing
• mentoring and monitoring
4000+ graduates with 70% placement (as of 2010)
60+ startup businesses (as of 2010)
Market-aligned and industry-matched training
India: Anudip Program
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Innovation
• Productivity gains
• Changing constraints
• Lessons of experience
• Scaling up
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Innovation: Raising capital
Sandalwood trees used as
collateral (sandalwood
seedlings are provided)
Photo Credit: VANWODS Microfinance: Impact Assessment December 2010.
Vanuatu: Sandalwood Program
of Vanuatu Women’s Development
Scheme (VANWODS)
Access to finance
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Governance
• Right incentives
• Accountability
• Transparency
• Participation
• Targeting and leakages
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Governance: Transparency in
Service Delivery
Costs were substantially reduced
Production time was cut in half
$3.6 million savings from books
that did not disappear in transit
Photo Credit: Dondon Parafina. Regional Networking for Social Responsibility. Presented at Good Practices in Corruption Prevention, Macao, 2009.
Citizen participation and monitoring
Philippine textbooks
Photo Credit: Dondon Parafina. Regional Networking for Social Responsibility.
Presented at Good Practices in Corruption Prevention, Macao, 2009.
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Governance: Outcomes of Microfinance
Pakistan
Average loan amount: $195
Percentage of clients below poverty line: 14%
Impact: hardly any positive welfare effects on the poor
Viet Nam
Average loan amount: $1,972
Percentage of clients below poverty line: 1.3%
Impact: yielded positive direct effects on welfare of non-poor borrowers
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Conclusion
Tie human capital development to
entrepreneurship
Place a premium on innovation
See better governance as crucial for results
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Thank You!
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