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Space I nstrumentation (12)
Lectures f or the I MPRS J une 23 to J une 27 at MPAe Lindau Compiled/ organized by Rainer Schwenn, MPAe,
supported by Drs. Curdt, Gandorfer, Hilchenbach, Hoekzema, Richter, Schühle
Fri, 27.6., 14:00 I n-situ instrumentation f or planetary surface exploration (Hilchenbach)
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In-situ instrumentation forplanetary surface exploration:
present and future
M. Hilchenbach
Lindau, June 27, 2003
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In-situ instrumentation
instrumentation on the surfaces of planets, asteroids, moons or comets
- goals: measurement of elemental and isotopic composition,mineralogy and soil parameters, geological history,search for organic compounds on extraterrestrial bodies
- methods:physical methods and applicable instrument designs:present and future
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Reaching planetary surfaces: example Mars: Entry, descent and landing
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Heavy elements and iron containing minerals
Tools:
APXS - Alpha, Protons and X-ray Sensor Mössbauer spectrometer
(part of the payload of Nasa`s Martian rover missionsSpirit and Opportunity, ESA`s Mars Express lander,Beagle II, ESA’s Rosetta mission)
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APXS - Alpha, Protons and X-ray Sensor I
alpha backscattering detector
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X-Ray fluorescence detector
APXS - Alpha, Protons and X-ray Sensor II
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Mars Pathfinder
APXS III - Observations
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Martian and terrestrial sample compositions
Rieder et al. 1997Only the top layer composition is measured
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Mössbauer spectrometer I
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Mössbauer spectrometer II
Determination ofthe oxidation stateof mineralscontaining iron
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Sample Acquisition Systemsin Space Applications
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Lunar Soil - Apollo 15
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Hammer
Rake (Apollo 16)Scoop
Tongs (Apollo 12)
Gnomon (Apollo 15)
Apollo Missions Handtools
Scale
Gas Analysis Sample Container
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On-orbit dry mass: 5600 kg Launch Date: 1970-09-12
Lunar soil in container: 0.1 kgRe-entry date: 1970-24-09
Drill
Remote SampleReturn Missions
30 years agoLuna 16, 1970
SealedCapsule
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Luna 24, 1976
Lunokhod 3
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Example: “Hard” material: Fractures in individual grains
about 1 mm
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Sample Acquisition:Mini and Micro
Gripper
Microgrippers created in microstructurable glass:Operated by piezo - actor
R. Salim et al.Microsystem Technologies 4, p.32, 1997
P. Kim and C. M. LieberSCIENCE 286, p.2148, 1999
Nanotube Nanotweezers:Just voltage operated
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Elements and isotopes
- classification- objective: elemental and isotopic composition
Tools:mass spectrometer
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Goldschmidt's Classification
Lithophile: concentration in silicate materials, examples Na, Mg, Al, K or CaSiderophile: elements that tend to concentrate in metallic iron, such as Mn or NiChalcophile: elements that concentrate in sulfide phases, examples Cu, Se or PbAtmophile: volatile elements in atmospheres, such as H, He or Ar
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ObjectiveGeochemistry of crust and regolith (rocks ?)
Tool: Composition MeasurementBulk composition of the refractory, lithophile (Al, Ca, Mg, Ti, Be, Sc, V, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, REE, Hf, Ta, Th, U), volatile lithophile (K, Na, Rb, Cl, F), refractory siderophile (Fe, Ni, Co, Mo, W), moderately to volatile siderophile or chalcophile (Ga, Ge, Au, Ag and S, Se, Cd, Hg), and atmophile elements (H, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe).
The most abundant elements (99%) are:
O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe, K, Na
Other element are ‘Trace Elements’.
example: ‘Bulk Silicate Earth’
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Example of Lunar Soil Composition:i.e. trace elements such as Scandium and Samarium
Wentworth 1994
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Trace elements as indicators
Korotev 1997
Partitioning analysis via trace elements analysis
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Surface historySurface erosion and “gardening” of surface by impacts
? Regolith Layer
Impact History (‘Gardening’)
Method: Identification ofmeteorite and cometarymaterial or solar particles
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Measurement of the isotopic ratios
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Radiogenic Isotopes Geochemistry
Examples: 40K - 40Ar, 87Rb - 87Sr, 147Sm - 143Nd or 182Hf -182W (extinct nuclide chronometer)
Presumably not achievable in-situ (lander)….- required sensitivity- isobaric interferences
History - Geochronology
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Mass spectrometerinstrumentation
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Example: “In situ”mass spectrometry
W. B. Brinckerhoff, APLG. G. Managadze, IKI
2000
Mn/Fe ratio versus shot number Basalt: Mass spectrum Fe, Cr isotopes
Laser desorption source and refectron type time-of-flight. Mass ~2 kg, Volume ~20x15x10 cm3
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Funsten 1996
E B Energy-Mass Spectrograph for Measurement of Ions and Neutral Atoms
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Hadamard transformtime-of-flight mass
spectrometer
Brock 1999
High duty cycle: about 50%
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Clemmons1998
Mass spectroscopy using a rotating electric field
time-of-flight phase
E
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Siebert, 1998
Technology: Surface microstructure/miniature mass spectrometer
Manufacturing by lithographic 3D techniques (e.g. LIGA)
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Electrostatic Axially Harmonic Orbital Trapping:A High-Performance Technique of Mass Analysis
A. Makarov 2000
Modes of operation:a) Fourier transformb) mass selective instability
Mass spectrum in frequency domain
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Keller1999
A Capacitance Standard Based onCounting Electrons
Temperature 40 mK
‘Quantum dots’
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Mineralogy
Tools
- (infrared spectrometer)- Raman spectrometer
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Landscape, Apollo 15
Illustration (Moon)scale: 80 mm
“Close-up” Lunar soil, Apollo 12
Orange volcanic glass (lava) andilmenite (FeTiO3), Apollo 17
scale: 2.5 mmscale: 1 mm
Photomicrograph of lunar basalt, Apollo 16
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Geochemistry:
Minerals in the lunar regolith
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fEf
iEi
scattering system withquantizied eigenstates Ef-Ei
R = Ef-Ei
Stokes: S = L - R
L S
virtual state
fEf
iEi
ener
gy
Anti-Stokes: AS = L + R
AS
L
virtualstate
Principles of Ramanspectroscopy
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Principles of Ramanspectroscopy
Anti-Stokes-Raman-scattering
500515545 530 560575
Ra
man
inte
nsity
(ar
bitr
ary
uni
ts)
Wavelength (nm)
Stokes-Raman- scattering
Laser
600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 800
Wavenumber / cm-1
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….Oxides SulphidesFeldspars SilicatesMeteoritic Minerals….
Olivine - Series between two end-members:
Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and Fayalite (Fe2SiO4),
Example: Lunar regolith (Apollo 17 “Sample Return”) Position of 820 cm-1 peak shifts with Mg/Fe ratioRaman Spectrometry, Korotev 1997
“In-situ” Mineralogy: Structure (and Composition)
Example
Olivine - Temperature, phase and molecular fractionation
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Organic compounds
Goals
identification and quantification of- traces of organic compounds in the Martian deep soil- organic compounds in the surface matter of a comet
Tool
- gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer
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Viking 1976
Result: no life detected, could not even identify organic molecules (< ppb) in the upper layer of the Martian soil.
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Science goal: Signs of Past and Present Life
Are there any organic or water molecules in the Martian soil or atmosphere ?
Detection and determination of organic compounds and water in
Martian soil from different depths
- Observation of oxidised organic compounds, not just CO2 ; Question: What are the oxidising agents ? Are they present in the deeper Martian soil layers ?
- Identification and characterisation of minute traces of complex organic molecules, which might be contained and/or encapsulated in the subsurface material and are most likely very rare. Amino acid chirality determination.
- Determination of elements essential for (terrestrial) life, such as C, O, N and H
- Measurement of the isotopic ratios, such as D/H, 13C /12C, 15N/14N etc.
- Traces of extinct life forms, even more interesting, traces of extant life forms
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Goal: identification and quantification of traces of organic compounds
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GC-MS: Gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer
Gas Tank injector column (detector)Mass
spectrometer
sample
Schematic view
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Identification and characterisation of minute traces of complex organic molecules
Sample preparation and sample concentration is required prior to the GC-MS analysis.
A GC-MS can only analyze volatile compounds.
Most metastable products of organics substances are refractory (e.g. salts). Thesample preparation (e.g. esterification) is an essential condition for the GC-MSanalysis.
Benner2000
HPLC analyis
Glavin1999
hydrolyzed
unhydrolyzed
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Chemicalderivatization
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Pyrolysiscell
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Cassini`-Huygens visit to the atmosphere of Saturn`s moon Titan
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TBD
TBD
TBD
Example: COSAC (Rosetta Lander 2003)
He gas tanks
Mass spectrometer
Gas chromatograph
Pyrolysis
Gas chromatograph coupled to high resolution mass spectrometer
GC-MS onboard the Rosetta Lander
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Mission Rosetta : Satellit and Lander
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New target : 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Rolando LigustriFebruary 1st 2003
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Experiments on the Rosetta Lander
Images (CIVA, ROLIS), in-situ analysis (APX, COSAC, PTOLEMY), electrical and acustical measurements, temperature and dust (MUPUS, SESAME), magnetic field and plasma, radiowavestransmission -„nucleus-tomographie“ (ROMAP, CONSERT)
In-situ measurements on the comet surface
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Drilling and Destruction:Material strength and Work
Design requirement drivers:- Wearing of drill bit- Contamination of drill sample
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Principle of operation: Ion Mobility Spectrometer
Ad possible instrumentation for Mars:
Ion Mobility Spectrometer
Miniaturedrift tubes
Ion mobility spectrum (H2O)
S. N. Ketkar et al., Anal. Chem.2001, 73, 2554-2557Teepe, M. et al. Proceedings of the VDE World Micro-Technologies Congress, Expo2000, Hannover 2 (2000) 547-549
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25 elements essential for (terrestrial) life
Building blocks for DNA
Berlow, Burton and Routh, 1974
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Ultrasonic Coring Device
Ultrasonic Drill Bit, http://eis.jpl.nasa.gov/ndeaa/nasa-nde/usdc/usdc.htm
Test (Rock)
About 30 W power requirement, depth about 10 cm
Sample contamination avoidance: No medium (fluid, mud) should beadded to corer - soil interface
Design by JPL for possible in-situ space application (1998)
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Combined Instrument Set-up with Microscope
RamanDetector
Spectrometer
Microscopedetector
Optics
LED
LED
s
Dichroic(shortwavelengthsreflected)
SurfaceTarget
MechanicalInterfaceBetweenMicroscope andRaman
Notch Filter
Laser
AdditionalOptics?
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Electrostatic Axially Harmonic Orbital Trapping:A High-Performance Technique of Mass Analysis
A. Makarov 2000
Modes of operation:a) Fourier transformb) mass selective instability
Mass spectrum in frequency domain
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1500 1000 500
Ram
an
Inte
nsity
(a
rb.
units
)
Wavenumber / cm-1
Apatite
Pyrite
Quartz
Wavenumber / cm-1
1500 1000 500
Hematite
Orthopyroxene
Ilmenite
Olivine
Ram
an
Inte
nsity
(a
rb.
units
)
Raman spectra of Various Minerals (633nm)
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Example:The ( 18O / 16O) std ratio of (SMOW) Standard Mean Ocean Water is 2.0052 10-3. A sample that is 18O = 5 heavier than SMOW corresponds to a ratio value of 2.0152 10-3.
Isotope abundance: The “delta” notation18O = (18O/16O)sample / (18O/16O) std -1) * 1000
Dynamic range:about (105 ) to 106
Lodders et al. 1997, Clayton et al. 1973
High precision required !Several samples must be analyzed.
Origin: Formation from nebula dust and gas(Example: isotopic ratio 17O / 16O and 18O / 16O)
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The elemental ratio of S to O is comparable to the ratio of the O isotopes:The requirements for the precision of the elemental abundance measurements could match the requirements of isotopic analysis.
Example: Bulk silicate earth, no fractionation taken into account
Isotopic ratio: Is the measurement feasible ?
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Remote instrumentsRemote instruments: located on orbiting satellites or terrestrial telescopes
Example:
These spectrometer studied the composition of the Moon's surface from lunar orbit. The Gamma-ray Spectrometer was deployed on a 7.6-meter-long boom, visible in the above photograph.
Apollo 15 and 16: X-Ray Fluorescence and Gamma-ray Spectrometer
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Iron abundances
High iron abundances are found in all mare regions and lower abundances are found elsewhere.
Apollo Gamma-Ray Spectrometer
resolution:100 km
abundences: red - a high abundanceyellow, green - intermediate blue, purple - low
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Global Map of Epithermal Neutrons:Epithermal neutrons provide the most sensitive measure of hydrogen in surface soils. Inspection of the global epithermal map shows high hydrogen content in surface soils south of about negative 60 degree latitude and in a ring that almost surrounds the north polar cap..
Neutron spectrometer - Mars Odyssey
Section of Martian surface
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Exploration of soil layers by Sample Acquisition:In-situ Logging and Analysisand / or Sample Return
Nanedi Valles systemMars Global SurveyorMOC image 8704, 19989.6 meters/pixel
Remote sensing - in-situ measurements
Mars Rover:Athena