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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260840533
Embodiment and language comprehension:Reframing the discussion
ARTICLE in TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCES · MARCH 2014
Impact Factor: 21.15 · DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.008 · Source: PubMed
CITATIONS
15
1 AUTHOR:
Rolf A Zwaan
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
147 PUBLICATIONS 6,440 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Available from: Rolf A Zwaan
Retrieved on: 26 August 2015
http://www.researchgate.net/institution/Erasmus_Universiteit_Rotterdam?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rolf_Zwaan?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_1http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rolf_Zwaan?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_7http://www.researchgate.net/institution/Erasmus_Universiteit_Rotterdam?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rolf_Zwaan?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rolf_Zwaan?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_1http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260840533_Embodiment_and_language_comprehension_Reframing_the_discussion?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260840533_Embodiment_and_language_comprehension_Reframing_the_discussion?enrichId=rgreq-ad9d2570-99ce-4c72-bf3c-18b36a11087d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MDg0MDUzMztBUzoxMDM4MDEzNzc3ODc5MTJAMTQwMTc1OTU4NTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_2
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3$02&3)&8+)'% +(+9?3'3 $6 =$1% 8$T$88.11'(8'3 W$1 1+)2'1D )2' 3&"&9+1&)? $6
8$()'N)3 &( =2&82 8'1)+&( =$1%3 $88.1X SEQV; B) 32$.9% #' ($)'% )2+) )2&3 )?0' $6
%&3)1.)&$(+9 W$6* %7 =$1%3X 3'"+()&83 %$'3 ($) &(6$1" +#$.) &33.'3 )2+) +1'
8'()1+9 )$ 9+(-.+-' 8$"01'2'(3&$(g';-;D 01'%&8+)&$(D 8$"0$3&)&$(+9&)?D +(%
+(+02$1&8 1'3$9.)&$(g +(% )2'1'6$1' (''%3 )$ #' +.-"'()'% =&)2 3)1.8).1+9
&(6$1"+)&$( SEYV )$ +A$&% 81'+)&(- &)3 $=( 38+9&(- 01$#9'";
G2' O'? 0$&() +#$.) =$1%T9&O' 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 &3 )2+) )2'? +1' 8$(3&3)'()
=&)2 )2' &%'+ )2+) 9+(-.+-' 8$"01'2'(3&$( %$'3 ($) ('8'33+1&9? &(A$O' +
3'(3$1&"$)$1 3&".9+)&$( $6 )2' =$1%P3 1'6'1'(); B( $)2'1 =$1%3D )2'? +99$= 6$1
+#3)1+8)&$(; :88'0)&(- )2+) =' (''% #$)2 +#3)1+8) +(% -1$.(%'% 3?"#$93 9'+%3
)$ + ('= 3') $6 [.'3)&$(3; Z2'( %$ =' (''% =2&82 +(% 2$= %$ )2'? &()'1+8)` G$
+(3='1 )2&3 =' (''% )$ 8$(3&%'1 )2' 8$()'N) $6 9+(-.+-' .3';
8%"#.9#
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1'01'3'()+)&$(; G$ %'A'9$0 )2&3 &%'+ 6.1)2'1D 8$(3&%'1 )2' 6$99$=&(- 3'()'(8';
!181.6& 21%2&1 1+,1.10 ,41 4%/51; Z2+) %')+&9'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 "&-2) #'
1'9'A+() 6$1 .(%'13)+(%&(- )2&3 3'()'(8'` _$= "+(? 0'$09' ='1' )2'1'` _$=
"+(? ='1' "'( A3; =$"'(` Z2')2'1 )2'1' ='1' 82&9%1'( +"$(- )2' 0'$09'`:(% =2+) 'A'1?$(' =+3 ='+1&(-` f1+()'%D )2'1' &3 ($ 9+= +-+&(3) &%&$3?(81+)&8
+8)&A+)&$(3 $6 'N0'1&'()&+9 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 #.) %')+&9'% "'()+9 3&".9+)&$(3 $6 )2'
(."#'1 $6 0'$09'D )2'&1 -'(%'1 #+9+(8'D +(% )2'&1 1'30'8)&A' +00'+1+(8'3 +1'
($) 9&8'(3'% #? )2' )'N); ̂ $ 'A'( )2$.-2 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 "+? #' -1$.(%'%D )2'?
%$(P) (''% )$ #' %')+&9'%;
M(8' =' 8$(3&%'1 9+(-.+-' &( )2' 6$1" $6 8$(('8)'% %&38$.13'D )2'
%&A&3&$( $6 9+#$1 #')=''( 3?"#$9&8 +(% -1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 #'8$"'3
89'+1'1; ,')P3 +33."' )2' 3)$1? 8$()&(.'3 =&)2 >#%+* ,41# :65 6 "%/+* :%#6+
:',4 &%+* $&%+01 46'. '+ 6 .10 (%6,= H$= )2' +8)&A+)&$( $6 -1$.(%'% 3?"#$93
#'8$"'3 "$1' 'N)'(3&A' W+(% 3&"&9+1 +81$33 &(%&A&%.+93X; B6 )2' 3)$1? 8$()&(.'3
=&)2 !41 41&0 6 :4',1 '?4%+1 '+ 6 :4',1 (651 $" 41. &17, 16.9 )2' +8)&A+)&$( $6
-1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 #'8$"'3 'A'( "$1' 'N)'(3&A'; :) 3$"' 0$&() )2'
+8)&A+)&$( $6 -1$.(%'% 3?"#$93 "+? #' 3$ 'N)'(3&A' )2+) )2'? 8$"' )$ %$"&(+)'
)2' 8$"01'2'(3&$( 01$8'33; B6 )2'( )2' (+11+)&A' 32&6)3 )$ + ('= 3&).+)&$(D )2'
1'9&+(8' $( 3?"#$9&8 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 "+? #'8$"' -1'+)'1 +-+&(; B( $)2'1 =$1%3D
[.'3)&$(3 1'-+1%&(- )2' &()'1+8)&$( #')=''( 3?"#$9&8 +(% -1$.(%'%
1'01'3'()+)&$(3 8+(($) #' +(3='1'% #? +(+9?I&(- %'8$()'N).+9&I'% 3(&00')3 $6
9+(-.+-';
^.00$3' 6.1)2'1 )2+) )2' 3)$1? +#$.) )2' #9$(%' =$"+( &3 )$9% &( +
8$(A'13+)&$( #')=''( )=$ 61&'(%3D + L$&() +8)&$( )2+) &3 3&).+)'% &( )2' =$19%
SQFV; M(' $6 )2' 8$(A'13+)&$( 0+1)('13 8+( 0&8O .0 2&3 $=( &>2$(' +(% 2$9% &) #?
2&3 '+1 )$ %'"$(3)1+)' =$"+(P3 +8)&$(; _$= %$'3 )2&3 '(+8)"'() $6 )2' 3)$1?
&"0+8) )2' 8$"01'2'(3&$( 01$8'33` B3 + "'()+9 1'01'3'()+)&$( $6 )2' +8)&$( 3)&99
('8'33+1?D -&A'( )2+) &) .(6$9%3 1&-2) #'6$1' $.1 '?'3` Z' (''% )$ 8$(3&%'1 #$)2
)2' 9&(-.&3)&8 8$()'N) +(% )2' 8$"".(&8+)&A' 3&).+)&$( %&38$.13' 8$()'N) &6 ='
=+() )$ "+O' &(6$1"'% 01'%&8)&$(3 +#$.) )2' 1$9' $6 3'(3$1&"$)$1 01$8'33'3D
-1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3D +(% 3?"#$9&8 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 &( 9+(-.+-'
8$"01'2'(3&$(; ̂ 0'8&6&8+99?D =' (''% )$ O($= 2$= + 0+1)&8.9+1 +8) $6 9+(-.+-'
.3' &3 '"#'%%'% &( )2' '(A&1$("'();
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:)1. ;.1.3/ %< ="1)$%"4."#53 =42.&&.&".//
B %&3)&(-.&32 %&66'1'() 6$1"3 $6 9+(-.+-' 8$"01'2'(3&$( &( )'1"3 $6 2$=%''09? )2'? +1' '"#'%%'% &( )2' '(A&1$("'(); G2' 9'A'9 $6 '"#'%%'%('33 8+(
#' 82+1+8)'1&I'% &( )'1"3 $6 )2' $A'19+0 #')=''( )2' 8$"".(&8+)&A' 3&).+)&$(
+(% )2' 1'6'1'()&+9 3&).+)&$( W)2' 3&).+)&$( )2+) )2' %&38$.13' &3 +#$.)X; ̂ &).+)&$(3
+1' 82+1+8)'1&I'% #? + 30+)&$T)'"0$1+9 61+"'=$1O )2+) &(A$9A'3 +-'()3D $#L'8)3D
+(% 'A'()3 S]V; !+82 3'()'(8' &( %&38$.13' 8$(A'?3 + 3&).+)&$(; Z2'(
'"#'%%'%('33 &3 "+N&"+9D )2' 1'6'1'()&+9 3&).+)&$( $A'19+03 8$"09')'9? =&)2 )2'
8$"".(&8+)&A' 3&).+)&$(; G2' 9'33 )2' 1'6'1'()&+9 3&).+)&$( $A'19+03 =&)2 )2'
8$"".(&8+)&A' $('D )2' "$1' 8$"01'2'(%'13 =&99 2+A' )$ 1'9? $( )2'&1 9$(-T
)'1" "'"$1? )$ +8)&A+)' 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 $6 )2' 1'9'A+() +-'()3D $#L'8)3D +(%
'A'()3;
i&-.1' Q %'0&8)3 6&A' 9'A'93 $6 '"#'%%'%('33\ + "$1' &().&)&A' +88$.()
6$99$=3 2'1'; G2' 6&A' 9'A'93 1+1'9? $88.1 &( )2'&1 0.1' 6$1"\ "$3) 6$1"3 $6
%&38$.13' +1' "&N).1'3 +(% 8$"01'2'(%'13 +1' 2&-29? 3O&99'% +) 32&6)&(- #')=''(
)2'3' 9'A'93; H'A'1)2'9'33D )2'1' &3 3$"' 8$(8'0).+9 89+1&)? )$ #' 2+% #?
%&3)&(-.&32&(- +"$(- )2'"D 0+1)&8.9+19? #'8+.3' &) +99$=3 .3 )$ +(+9?I' "$1'
89$3'9? )2' 1'9+)&A' 8$()1.)&$(3 $6 )2' 3?"#$9&8 +(% -1$.(%'% 3?"#$93 +3 ='99
+3 3'(3$1&"$)$1 01$8'33'3;
Q; @1#%+5,.6,'%+5 +1' )2' "$3) 8$"09')'9? '"#'%%'% 9'A'9 $6 9+(-.+-' .3';
:-'()3D $#L'8)3D +(% +8)&$(3 +1' +99 01'3'() &( )2' 8$"".(&8+)&A'
3&).+)&$(; :( 'N+"09' &3 + 8$$O&(- 32$= &( =2&82 )2' 82'6 -&A'3 +
8$(8.11'() +88$.() $6 2&3 +8)&$(3; G2' #'99 0'00'1 2' &3 )+9O&(- +#$.) &3
)2' #'99 0'00'1 2' &3 8.))&(- +) )2&3 A'1? "$"'(); B6 %'&8)&8 )'1"3 9&O' 41.19
+%:9 6+0 "%/ +1' .3'%D )2'? 1'6'1 )$ )2' 3&).+)&$( )2+) )2' 82'6 &3 &(;
Y; A+5,./(,'%+5 %'381' + %'3&1'% $1 1'[.&1'% 3)+)' $6 )2' =$19% )2+)
W39&-2)9?X %&66'13 61$" )2' 01'3'() $('; G2' 82'6 "&-2) )'99 2&3 3$.3T82'6 )$
6')82 2&" + 0+13(&0; i$1 )2&3 )$ =$1OD )2' 3$.3T82'6 (''%3 )$ 2+A' +
-1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$( &( 9$(-T)'1" "'"$1? $6 =2+) + 0+13(&0 9$$O3
9&O' &( $1%'1 )$ 1'8$-(&I' &) +"$(- )2' +33'"#9'% A'-')+#9'3 &( )2'
1'61&-'1+)$1;
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E; ?.%B1(,'%+5 "+0 + 0+3) $1 6.).1' 3)+)' $6 )2' '(A&1$("'() .0$( )2'
8.11'() $('; G2'1'6$1'D )2'? 1')+&( )2' 30+)&+9 8$"0$('() $6 )2'
8$"".(&8+)&A' 3&).+)&$( #.) 2+A' + %&66'1'() )'"0$1+9 $('D 9$8+)'% '&)2'1
&( )2' 0+3) $1 &( )2' 6.).1'; : )$.1 -.&%' "&-2) 'N09+&( =2+) )2' /$9&3'."9$$O'% 9&O' &( &)3 2'?%+? =2'( &) =+3 6&99'% =&)2 30'8)+)$13D #'+13D
-9+%&+)$13D 32&'9%3D +(% 3=$1%3D 1'[.&1'3 +88'33 )$ 'A'( "$1' "'"$1?
1'01'3'()+)&$(3 +3 +-'()3D 01$03D +(% +8)&$(3 W($) )$ "'()&$( &"0$1)+()
0+1)3 $6 )2' /$9&3'." &)3'96X +1' "&33&(-; ^&"&9+19?D + 8$()1+8)$1 "+?
'N09+&( )$ 2&3 89&'()3 =2+) )2' 2$.3' =&99 9$$O 9&O' +6)'1 + 01$0$3'%
1'($A+)&$(; ̂ $"' $#L'8)3 +(% 30+)&+9 1'9+)&$(3 "+? 1'"+&( .(82+(-'%
W';-;D =&(%$=3X =2'1'+3 $)2'13 W';-;D =+993X =&99 #' #1$O'( %$=(;
U; @'52&6(1#1+,5 %'381' +( '(A&1$("'() )2+) &3 .(1'9+)'% )$ )2' 8.11'()
'(A&1$("'()D +3 &3 )2' 8+3' &( (+11+)&A'3 W';-;D L$O'3D ($A'93D ('=3 1'0$1)3D
+(% 2&3)$1&8+9 +88$.()3X; _'1'D %'&8)&8 )'1"3 %$ ($) 1'6'1 )$ )2' 1'+%'1P3
'(A&1$("'() #.) )$ 3$"' %&3)+9 $('; f1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 +1' A'1?
8$""$( +) )2&3 9'A'9 #.) 32+1' )2' 3)+-' =&)2 3?"#$9&8 1'01'3'()+)&$(3D
=2&82 $6)'( 6.(8)&$( +3 09+8'2$9%'13 .()&9 "$1' -1$.(%'% &(6$1"+)&$(
+88.".9+)'3 $A'1 )2' 8$.13' $6 )2' %&38$.13';
R; >$5,.6(,'%+5 %$ ($) 1'6'1 )$ +(? '(A&1$("'() &( 0+1)&8.9+1g)2'? %$(P)
2+A' + 30+)&$T)'"0$1+9 61+"'=$1Og#.) %'381' + 8$(3)'99+)&$( $6
"$3)9? +#3)1+8) 8$(8'0)3 W';-;D 38&'()&6&8 +1)&89'3D 02&9$3$02&8+9 )1'+)&3'3D
+(% 9'-+9 %$8."'()3X; G2' 01&"+1? A'2&89' 6$1 8$"01'2'(3&$( =&99 #'
+#3)1+8) 3?"#$93; _$='A'1D =2'( )2' +.)2$1 +33."'3 &) &3 #'('6&8&+9 )$
8$"01'2'(3&$(D 2' $1 32' "+? &(A$O' -1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 #? .3&(-
"')+02$13 +(% 3&"&9'3;
: 6.1)2'1 +33."0)&$( &3 )2+) 3?"#$9&8 +(% -1$.(%'% 3?"#$9 3?3)'"3 +1'
3&".9)+('$.39? +8)&A'g+9$(- =&)2 0'18'0).$T"$)$1 01$8'33'3 W';-;D '?'
"$A'"'()3Xg'+82 $0'1+)&(- &( +88$1%+(8' =&)2 )2'&1 $=( 8$(3)1+&()3 +3 ='99
+3 8$(3)1+&(&(- '+82 $)2'1; Z2&82 3?3)'" %$"&(+)'3 )2' 8$"01'2'(3&$( 01$8'33
%'0'(%3 $( )2' 9'A'9 $6 '"#'%%'%('33;
B( 01#%+5,.6,'%+5D 0'18'0).$T"$)$1 01$8'33'3 %$"&(+)' +(% )2' "'()+9
1'01'3'()+)&$(3 W-1$.(%'% +(% 3?"#$9&8X )2+) 1'3$(+)' "+? $(9? 2+A' + 3"+99
1$9' )$ 09+?; B()'1'3)&(-9? 2$='A'1D )2&3 0+33&A' 1'3$(+(8' 01$8'33 )2+) $88.13
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%.1&(- %'"$(3)1+)&$(3 W+(% &(3)1.8)&$(3 +(% 01$L'8)&$(3X &3 + "+L$1 "'82+(&3"
6$1 =$1% 9'+1(&(- SY]V; 7.1&(- 3'(3$1&"$)$1 &()'1+8)&$(D -1$.(%'%
1'01'3'()+)&$(3 +1' 6$1"'% $1D =2'( +91'+%? 6$1"'%D "+? 1'3$(+)' =&)2 )2'
0'18'0)&$( $6 +8)&$(3 +(% $#L'8)D 9'+%&(- )$ 39&-2) "$%&6&8+)&$(3 $6 $#L'8) +(%+8)&$( 1'01'3'()+)&$(3;
G$ 1'"+&( &( )2' 8.9&(+1? %$"+&(D 3.00$3' j+"&' M9&A'1 .3'3 + %'A&8' )$
32+A' 3$"')2&(- 61$" )2' I'3) $6 + 9'"$(; _' 8+993 )2' %'A&8' + cI'3)'1;d B6 ='
%&%(P) +91'+%? O($= =2+) + I'3)'1 =+3D =' 2+A' ($= 6$1"'% + 8$(('8)&$(
#')=''( +( +.%&)$1? 'A'() C15,1. 8$.09'% =&)2 + A&3.+9 'A'() &(A$9A&(- + )$$9D +(
+8)&$( W1'"$A&(- )2' I'3)XD +(% + 1'3.9) W9'"$( I'3)D =2&82 &3 3.#3'[.'()9? .3'%
&( + "+1&(+%'X; Z' ($= O($= =2+) + I'3)'1 9$$O3 9&O'D 2$= &) 32$.9% #' .3'%D
+(% =2+) &) &3 6$1; H$=D =' "+? ($) 2+A' -$))'( +( .0T89$3' 9$$O $6 )2' I'3)'1g
+6)'1 +99D &) =+3 0+1)9? 8$A'1'% .0 #? j+"&'P3 2+(% +(% 2' =+3 "$A&(- 6+3)g#.)
=' "+? 2+A' -9&"03'% '($.-2 )$ 1'8$-(&I' + I'3)'1 =2'( =' 2+00'( 3'' $(' &(
)2' 3)$1' +) 3$"' 9+)'1 $88+3&$(;
G2' ('= A&3.+9 'N0'1&'(8' $6 + I'3)'1 "$%&6&'3 $.1 1'01'3'()+)&$( $6 )2&3
(&6)? )$$9; k$1'$A'1D )2' +8) $6 1'8$-(&)&$( +8)&A+)'3 )2' =$1% 1'01'3'()+)&$( W='
"&-2) 'A'( c2'+1d j+"&' 3+? )2' =$1%XD =2&82 "&-2) 'A'( 01$"0) .3 )$ 'N89+&"
c+2 + I'3)'1Dd 01$%.8&(- + ('= +1)&8.9+)$1? +(% +.%&)$1? 'A'() )2+) =&99
3)1'(-)2'( )2' 9&(O #')=''( =$1% 1'01'3'()+)&$( +(% A&3.+9 $#L'8)
1'01'3'()+)&$( 'A'( 6.1)2'1; !+82 )&"' =' 3'' 3$"'$(' .3' + I'3)'1D -1$.(%'%
+(% 3?"#$9&8 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 =&99 1'3$(+)'D =2&82 "+? 9'+% .3 )$ "+O'
01'%&8)&$(3; i$1 'N+"09'D =2'( j+"&' 0&8O3 .0 2&3 I'3)'1D =' +()&8&0+)' 3''&(- +
9'"$(D 9&"'D $1 $1+(-' &( 2&3 2+(% 3$$(D +(% =' 8+( 01'%&8) =2+) 2'P3 -$&(- )$ %$
=&)2 &)D +(% 2$=D +(% =2+) )2' 1'3.9) $6 )2+) +8)&$( =&99 #';
B( '+5,./(,'%+5D -1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 &()'1+8) =&)2 0'18'0).$T"$)$1
01$8'33'3; :( $#L'8) &3 1'6'11'% )$ )2+) &3 ($) =&)2&( A&'=; 5'8$-(&I&(- &) 1'[.&1'3
+ -1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(; M(8' )2' $#L'8) &3 1')1&'A'% +(% #1$.-2) &()$ A&'= 3$
&) 8+( #' +8)'% .0$(D -1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 "+? 1'8'%' &()$ )2' #+8O-1$.(%;
i$1 'N+"09'D &(6+()3 .3' "$)$1 +8)&$(3 )$ "+O' + 9&(-.&3)&8+99? %'($)'% $#L'8)
A&3.+99? "$1' 3+9&'() #? "$A&(- &) 89$3'1 )$ )2' '?'3D +( +8)&$( )2+) 9'+%3 )$
#'))'1 9'+1(&(- SUYV; G2' 3$T8+99'% A&3.+9T=$19% 0+1+%&-" $6)'( '"09$?3
&(3)1.8)&$(3 &( =2&82 0'$09'P3 '?' W+(% 2+(%X "$A'"'()3 +1' 3&".9)+('$.39?
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+66'8)'% #? )2' 9&(-.&3)&8 &(0.) +(% )2' A&3' +(% +8)&$(+#9' 8$()'N); Z' $6)'(
30+)&+99? &(%'N +30'8)3 $6 )2' A&3.+9 =$19% =&)2$.) '(8$%&(- )2' $#L'8)3D +3 )2'?
8+( #' 1'+%&9? +88'33'% &( )2' '(A&1$("'() A&+ +( '?' "$A'"'() )$ )2' &(%'N'%
9$8+)&$( SUETUUV;B( 2.%B1(,'%+5D )2'1' &3 + "&N).1' $6 3'(3$1&"$)$1 +(% -1$.(%'%
1'01'3'()+)&$(3; G2' 3'(3$1&"$)$1 01$8'33'3 W';-;D '?' "$A'"'()3X +1' .3'% )$
&%'()&6? 30'8&6&8 9$8+)&$(3 &( )2' '(A&1$("'() +(% -1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 +1'
)2'( .3'% )$ 01$L'8) .0$( )2$3' 9$8+)&$(3 W';-;D + 9$(-T%'8'+3'% -9+%&+)$1 $1 +(
'(A&3&$('% 8.1)+&(X; >1$L'8)&$(3 9&O'9? &(A$9A' "'()+9 &"+-'1?D =2&82 8+( #'
A&'='% +3 + 8$(38&$.3 .3' $6 -1$.(%'% 3?"#$93 SQDUV;
B( 0'52&6(1#1+,5 #$)2 -1$.(%'% +(% 3?"#$9&8 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 +1' +8)&A';
M(' 0$33&9&)? &3 )2+) 3?"#$9&8 +(% -1$.(%'% (')=$1O3 +1' &()'1+8)&A' +(%
8$(3)1+&( '+82 $)2'1 )$ '(2+(8' 01$8'33&(- 69.'(8? SURV\ +($)2'1 &3 )2+) +8)&A&)?
8+38+%'3 %$=( 61$" 3?"#$9&8 )$ -1$.(%'% 1'01'3'()+)&$(3 SYEV; B( 1'+%&(-
8$"01'2'(3&$(D 3'(3$1&"$)$1 01$8'33'3 W'?' 6&N+)&$(3 +(% 3+88+%'3X +1' .3'% )$
+8[.&1' )2' 9&(-.&3)&8 &(0.) #.) &( 9&3)'(&(- 8$"01'2'(3&$(D )2'? 8+( #' .3'% 6$1
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