![Page 1: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for Megavoltage
Electron Beams Incident on Metals for Use in an electron Multileaf Collimatoran electron Multileaf Collimator
Chester S. ReftDepartment of Radiation Oncology
University of Chicago Medical Center
![Page 2: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sources of bremsstrahlung radiation in electron beams
accelerator head (sc foil & coll)
cerrobend blocks
patient
![Page 6: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
dmax = 0.145 E0
µ(E0) = 0.084 E0-0.218
![Page 13: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Materials
Varian Cl 2100C – 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV electron beams
Materials attached to end of 6x6 cm 2 conebrasscerrobendtungstenpolyethylenepolyethylene
Solid Water Phantom – RMI 451
DetectorsTLDs – bremsstrahlung doseEDR film – CA PDD and beam profilesAttix parallel-plate chamber – CA PDD
![Page 14: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Some Physical properties of the materials
material Thickness(cm)
ρ(g/cm3)meas (ρZ/A)rel wat
polyethylene 15.5 0.94 0.968
brass 3.0 8.4 6.79brass 3.0 8.4 6.79
cerrobend 1.7 9.4 6.79
tungsten 2.0 18 12.8
![Page 15: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Brass
Solid Water
Film
![Page 16: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Some Electron Beam Parameters
E(MeV) R50(cm) Rp(cm)
6 2.4 2.8
9 2.7 4.59 2.7 4.5
12 6.1 6.3
16 6.8 8.4
20 8.5 10.6
![Page 17: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure Summary of dose measurements at Rp+2 for the metals normalized to the dose at
dmax for an open field
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
%[D
(Rp+
2,Z
)/D
(dm
ax,o
pen)
] 2 cm brass1.7 cm cerrobend2 cm tungstenopen
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Energy (MeV)
%[D
(Rp+
2,Z
)/D
(dm
ax,o
pen)
]
![Page 18: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
% dose at 1 cm depth for bremsstrahlung radiation produced by 20 MeV electrons incident on various
materials relative to the dose for an open field at dmax
for 20 MeV electrons
% [Dbrem(1cm) / D20E(dmax)]
Open# Poly15.5 cm
Brass3 cm
Cerrob1.7 cm
W2 cm
4.9 4.7 6.1 8.5 3.5
# measured at depth of Rp + 2 cm = 12.6 cm
![Page 19: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
E(MeV)Mat
6 9 12 16 20
Tungsten 0.20 0.30 0.60 1.4 2.22.2
% Doseblock (d=3cm) / Dose open (dmax,E)6x6 cm 2 Cone
Tungsten 0.20 0.30 0.60 1.4 2.22.2
Brass 0.24 0.50 1.1 2.8 5.35.3
Cerrobend 0.40 ------ 3.7 3.7 ------
OpenRp+2cm
0.50 0.90 1.5 3.2 4.54.5
![Page 20: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
OD vs dose EDR film
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
OD
- F
og(.
28)
CA calib
OAR calib
Poly. (CA calib)
OD=-0.04769+0.006266D+0.000004148D^2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250
Dose (cGy)
OD
- F
og(.
28)
![Page 22: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Profiles at 1 cm depth in SW of the bremsstrahlung radiation produced by 20
MeV electrons
80
100
120
% d
ose
rel C
A
0
20
40
60
80
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
distance (cm)
% d
ose
rel C
A
W 2 cm
Brass 3 cm
Poly 15.5 cm
Open Rp+2 cm
Cerrobend 1.7 cm
![Page 23: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CA PDD of the bremsstrahlung produced by 20 MeV electrons incident on the materials. Note that polyethylene produces the most
penetrating beam.
0.8
1
1.2
PD
D (
SW
)
W 2 cmCerrobend 1.7 cmBrass 3 cmPolyethylene 15.5 cm
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25depth (cm)
PD
D (
SW
)
Open at Rp +2 cm
![Page 24: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Poly15.5 cm
Brass3 cm
Cerrob1.7 cm
W2 cm
d PDD d PDD d PDD d PDD
Summary of PDD in SW for the bremsstrahlung radiation Produced by 20 MeV electrons incident on
various materials. Notice that polyethylene produces the most penetrating radiation
cm cm cm cm
10 68 6.2 50 8.2 50 9.5 50
16.5 50 10 38 10 45 10 49
20 44 20 23 20 26 20 28
![Page 25: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Summary of PDD in SW for the bremsstrahlung radiation Produced by 6 MeV electrons incident on polyethylene and W. The beam qualities are very
similar.
Polyethylene 5.8 cm
W0.5 cm
d PDD d PDDdcm
PDD dcm
PDD
8.2 50 8.0 50
10 43 10 43
![Page 28: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS1. These results show that 2 cm thick W stops 20 MeV electrons
while reducing the x-ray dose to a level lower than that produced in the open field – 1% compared to 4.5%.
2. The most penetrating bremsstrahlung radiation was measured for the electrons on polyethylene, the lowest Z material. This is consistent with the work of Podgorsak et al3 which showed that at these beam energies the more penetrating radiations is that at these beam energies the more penetrating radiations is produced in the lower Z material.
3 These results provide measurements to compare with Monte Carlo calculations The % central-axis dose (electron and photon) for 20 MeV electrons at 3 cm depth for open, brass and W are 4.5, 5.3 and 2.3% respectively, in reasonable agreement with the published Monte Carlo calculations3 of 5,5 and 3.1% for 21 MeV electrons.
![Page 29: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
OD vs dose EDR film
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
OD
- F
og(.
28)
CA calib
OAR calib
Poly. (CA calib)
OD=-0.04769+0.006266D+0.000004148D^2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250
Dose (cGy)
OD
- F
og(.
28)
![Page 31: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Profiles at 1 cm depth in SW of the bremsstrahlung radiation produced by 20 MeV electrons incident on the materials
60
80
100
120
% d
ose
rel C
A
0
20
40
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
distance (cm)
% d
ose
rel C
A
W 2 cm
Brass 3 cm
Poly 15.5 cm
Open Rp+2 cm
Cerrobend 1.7 cm
![Page 32: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PDD of the bremsstrahlung produced by 20 MeV electrons incident on materials
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
PD
D(S
W)
Polyethylene 15.5 cmOpen at Rp + 2 cmW 2 cmCerrobend 1.7 cmBrass 3 cm
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25
depth (cm)
PD
D(S
W)
![Page 33: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Open# Poly15.5 cm
Brass3 cm
Cerrob1.7 cm
W2 cm
dcm
PDD dcm
PDD dcm
PDD dcm
PDD dcm
PDD
Summary of PDD in SW for the bremsstrahlung radiation Produced by 20 MeV electrons incident on
various materials
cm cm cm cm cm
10 60 10 68 6.2 50 8.2 50 9.5 50
14 50 16.5 50 10 38 10 45 10 49
20 37 20 44 20 23 20 26 20 28
# Rp + 2 cm
![Page 34: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Summary of dose measurements at Rp+2 for the bremsstrahlung produced in metals
relatiave to the dose at dmax for an open field
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
%[D
(Rp+
2,Z
)/D
(dm
ax,o
pen)
] 2 cm brass1.7 cm cerrobend2 cm tungstenopen
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 5 10 15 20 25
Energy (MeV)
%[D
(Rp+
2,Z
)/D
(dm
ax,o
pen)
]
![Page 35: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
CA PDD of the bremsstrahlung produced by 20 MeV electrons incident on the materials. Note that polyethylene produces the most
penetrating beam.
1.2W 2 cm
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
depth (cm)
PD
D (
SW
)
W 2 cmCerrobend 1.7 cmBrass 3 cmPolyethylene 15.5 cmOpen at Rp +2 cm
![Page 36: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Abstract
Bremsstrahlung radiation in electron beams is produced in the accelerator head (scattering-foil and collimators), the cerrobend or field defining devices and within the patient. The dominate contribution comes from the head1. However, in areas shielded by electron multileaf collimators the bremsstrahlung produced in the collimating leaves will be bremsstrahlung produced in the collimating leaves will be significant. Here the total bremsstrahlung dose is measured for megavoltage electron beams incident on three metals used to simulate the collimating leaves in a multileaf collimator. Beam profiles at 1 cm depth are obtained as well as percentage depth dose measurements to estimate the beam quality of the radiation distal to the materials. Some results show good agreement with published Monte Carlo calculations2
![Page 37: In-Phantom Measurements of the Bremsstrahlung Dose for ...chapter.aapm.org/midwest/fallmtg07/reft.pdf · radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060511/5f291865e3f32d0b0238a5b6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Materials and Methods
A Varian Cl 2100C is used to provide 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV electron beams. At the end of the standard 6x6cm2 cone are positioned materials of appropriate thickness to simulate the multileaves. The materials studied are brass, cerrobend and tungsten. Although polyethylene is not practical for use as multileaves, it is included because it is similar to the bremsstrahlung for an open field and also to compare with the bremsstrahlung for an open field and also to compare with the radiation quality from the higher z metals. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (0.089 cm thick by 0.32x0.32 cm2), EDR film and an Attix parallel-plate ionization chamber are used to measure the central axis x-ray dose in a solid water (RMI 451) phantom at a source-to-surface distance of 100 cm. Film oriented parallel to the beam is used to obtain beam profiles at 1 cm depth and also the central-axis percentage depth dose to estimate the beam quality of the bremstrahlung spectra.