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In part from: Yizhou Sun2008
An Introduction to WEKA Explorer
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What is WEKA?Waikato Environment for Knowledge
AnalysisIt’s a data mining/machine learning tool
developed by Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, New Zealand.
Weka is also a bird found only on the islands of New Zealand.
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Download and Install WEKAWebsite:
http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka/index.html
Support multiple platforms (written in java):Windows, Mac OS X and Linux
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Main Features49 data preprocessing tools76 classification/regression algorithms8 clustering algorithms3 algorithms for finding association rules15 attribute/subset evaluators + 10
search algorithms for feature selection
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Main GUIThree graphical user interfaces
“The Explorer” (exploratory data analysis)
“The Experimenter” (experimental environment)
“The KnowledgeFlow” (new process model inspired interface)
Simple CLI- provides users without a graphic interface option the ability to execute commands from a terminal window
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ExplorerThe Explorer:
Preprocess dataClassificationClusteringAssociation RulesAttribute SelectionData Visualization
References and Resources
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Explorer: pre-processing the dataData can be imported from a file in various
formats: ARFF, CSV, C4.5, binaryData can also be read from a URL or from
an SQL database (using JDBC)Pre-processing tools in WEKA are called
“filters”WEKA contains filters for:
Discretization, normalization, resampling, attribute selection, transforming and combining attributes, …
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@relation heart-disease-simplified
@attribute age numeric@attribute sex { female, male}@attribute chest_pain_type { typ_angina, asympt, non_anginal,
atyp_angina}@attribute cholesterol numeric@attribute exercise_induced_angina { no, yes}@attribute class { present, not_present}
@data63,male,typ_angina,233,no,not_present67,male,asympt,286,yes,present67,male,asympt,229,yes,present38,female,non_anginal,?,no,not_present...
WEKA only deals with “flat” files
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@relation heart-disease-simplified
@attribute age numeric@attribute sex { female, male}@attribute chest_pain_type { typ_angina, asympt, non_anginal,
atyp_angina}@attribute cholesterol numeric@attribute exercise_induced_angina { no, yes}@attribute class { present, not_present}
@data63,male,typ_angina,233,no,not_present67,male,asympt,286,yes,present67,male,asympt,229,yes,present38,female,non_anginal,?,no,not_present...
WEKA only deals with “flat” files
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IRIS dataset5 attributes, one is the classification3 classes: setosa, versicolor, virginica
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Attribute dataMin, max and average value of attributesdistribution of values :number of items for
which:
class: distribution of attribute values in the classes
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Filtering attributesOnce the initial data has been selected and loaded the
user can select options for refining the experimental data.
The options in the preprocess window include selection of optional filters to apply and the user can select or remove different attributes of the data set as necessary to identify specific information.
The user can modify the attribute selection and change the relationship among the different attributes by deselecting different choices from the original data set.
There are many different filtering options available within the preprocessing window and the user can select the different options based on need and type of data present.
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Discretizes in 10 bins of equal frequency
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Discretizes in 10 bins of equal frequency
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Discretizes in 10 bins of equal frequency
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Explorer: building “classifiers”“Classifiers” in WEKA are machine learning
algorithmsfor predicting nominal or numeric quantities
Implemented learning algorithms include:Conjunctive rules, decision trees and lists,
instance-based classifiers, support vector machines, multi-layer perceptrons, logistic regression, Bayes’ nets, …
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Explore Conjunctive Rules learner
Need a simple dataset with few attributes , let’s select the weather dataset
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Select a Classifier
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Select training method
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Right-click to select parameters
numAntds= number of antecedents, -1= empty rule
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Select numAntds=10
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Results are shown in the right window (can be scrolled)
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Can change the right hand side variable
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Performance data
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Decision Trees with WEKA
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right click: visualize cluster assignement
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Explorer: finding associationsWEKA contains an implementation of the
Apriori algorithm for learning association rulesWorks only with discrete data
Can identify statistical dependencies between groups of attributes:milk, butter bread, eggs (with confidence
0.9 and support 2000)Apriori can compute all rules that have a
given minimum support and exceed a given confidence
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Basic Concepts: Frequent Patterns
itemset: A set of one or more items
k-itemset X = {x1, …, xk}(absolute) support, or,
support count of X: Frequency or occurrence of an itemset X
(relative) support, s, is the fraction of transactions that contains X (i.e., the probability that a transaction contains X)
An itemset X is frequent if X’s support is no less than a minsup threshold
Customerbuys diaper
Customerbuys both
Customerbuys beer
Tid Items bought
10 Beer, Nuts, Diaper
20 Beer, Coffee, Diaper
30 Beer, Diaper, Eggs
40 Nuts, Eggs, Milk
50 Nuts, Coffee, Diaper, Eggs, Milk
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Basic Concepts: Association Rules
Find all the rules X Y with minimum support and confidence support, s, probability that
a transaction contains X Y
confidence, c, conditional probability that a transaction having X also contains Y
Let minsup = 50%, minconf = 50%
Freq. Pat.: Beer:3, Nuts:3, Diaper:4, Eggs:3, {Beer, Diaper}:3
Customerbuys diaper
Customerbuys both
Customerbuys beer
Nuts, Eggs, Milk40Nuts, Coffee, Diaper, Eggs,
Milk50
Beer, Diaper, Eggs30
Beer, Coffee, Diaper20
Beer, Nuts, Diaper10
Items boughtTid
Association rules: (many more!) Beer Diaper (60%, 100%) Diaper Beer (60%, 75%)
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1. adoption-of-the-budget-resolution=y physician-fee-freeze=n 219 ==> Class=democrat 219 conf:(1)
2. adoption-of-the-budget-resolution=y physician-fee-freeze=n aid-to-nicaraguan-contras=y 198 ==> Class=democrat 198 conf:(1)
3. physician-fee-freeze=n aid-to-nicaraguan-contras=y 211 ==> Class=democrat 210 conf:(1)
ecc.
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Explorer: attribute selectionPanel that can be used to investigate which
(subsets of) attributes are the most predictive ones
Attribute selection methods contain two parts:A search method: best-first, forward selection,
random, exhaustive, genetic algorithm, rankingAn evaluation method: correlation-based,
wrapper, information gain, chi-squared, …Very flexible: WEKA allows (almost) arbitrary
combinations of these two
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Explorer: data visualizationVisualization very useful in practice: e.g. helps
to determine difficulty of the learning problemWEKA can visualize single attributes (1-d) and
pairs of attributes (2-d)To do: rotating 3-d visualizations (Xgobi-style)
Color-coded class values“Jitter” option to deal with nominal attributes
(and to detect “hidden” data points)“Zoom-in” function
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References and ResourcesReferences:
WEKA website: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka/index.html
WEKA Tutorial: Machine Learning with WEKA: A presentation demonstrating all
graphical user interfaces (GUI) in Weka. A presentation which explains how to use Weka for
exploratory data mining. WEKA Data Mining Book:
Ian H. Witten and Eibe Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Second Edition)
WEKA Wiki: http://weka.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Others: Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts
and Techniques, 2nd ed.