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WHAT IS THE MOST COMPLICATED OBJECT IN THE KNOWN UNIVERSE?
Question
Human brain(1.3kg)
Sperm whale brain(7.8kg)
5x the size!!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
• KDD = knowledge discovery in databases
-- the capacity of a computer to perform operations analogous to learning and decision making in humans
WHAT AI IS GOOD AT:• Repetitive tasks• Identification (objects, faces, words)• Narrow tasks• Finding patterns in big data
Novembre et al., 2008, Nature
WHAT THE BRAIN IS GOOD AT:
• Non-repetitive behavior (variability)• Instant recognition & response• Flexibility• Open-ended tasks
ARTIFICIAL VS NATURAL INTELLIGENCE:MIRROR IMAGES
AI: mimic what humans do• Great at repetition• Great at data processing• Great at narrow tasks
NI: what humans do• Great at flexibility• Great at instant decisions• Great at open-ended tasks
THE INTELLIGENCE WE REALLY WANT
Artificial General Intelligence
AGI: The ability of a machine to machine to learn, plan, and acquire new skills in complex environments
HOW DO WE BRIDGE THE AI INTELLIGENCE GAP?
1) Big Data with Deep Learning
2) Neuroscience: Figure out what brains do
DEEP LEARNING WITH BIG DATA
• Record everything you can about the world, and sort into patterns
• Knowledge-based -> Data Oligarchy
• Problems?
Example: Ex Machina
NEUROSCIENCE: USING NEOCORTEX TO GET AI
Example: Vicarious
• Model neocortex for data flow• Big data and machine learning
techniques for learning• Neurocomputing approach• Problems?
NEUROSCIENCE: SIMULATE BRAIN
• Thalamocortical model: 100 billion neurons with 1 quadrillion connections
• Biologically accurate neural types and numbers of neurons
• Neurocomputing approach
• Problems?
Example: Brain Corp
NEUROSCIENCE: BOTTOM UP APPROACH
• Behavior-based robotics
• No thinking. Just do something.
• Problems?
Example: iRobot
Genghis (mid-1980s)
BUT THAT’S NOT ENOUGH!!
• Big data doesn’t give anything new. Power ≠ intelligence.
• We don’t know all the details about human intelligence.
• Animals without a neocortex are smart.
NEUROSCIENCE: BOTTOM UP WITH LEARNING
Example: Brain2Bot
• Figure out the principles of intelligence starting at simple organisms and working up
HOW TO BUILD AGI PRINCIPLES• Every aspect of human intelligence is found in some form in other animals.
• Compare brains!
tools
conversation
Optimal navigation
Action planning
WHY WORK FROM THE BOTTOM UP?
• Ability to understand much more about simple animals than complex ones.
• Genetics
• Brain cell identity
• Control
MOLECULAR PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING
• No biological principle of learning for AI!• Need to build a biological principle if we want AGI
PRIORITIZATION• Animals have different states
• Robots need to have different behaviors based upon a particular situation
playingalert
CONTEXT SPECIFIC LEARNING
• Flies can tell the difference between the same stimulus at different times of day!
• Self-driving car needs to operate differently under different conditions.
• (Do you want a data-geek from SF to teach your autonomous car to drive in the snow?)
morning night
odor
mmm… food
odor
Run Away!!
SMALL DATASET IDENTIFICATION
• Wasps recognize faces!
• Computer facial recognition without big data.• http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/02/wasps-employ-facial-recognition-defend-nests
NON-STEREOTYPED MOVEMENT
• Master musicians are more flexible, not more stereotyped
• Give flexibility to robots in uncertain environments
NAVIGATION WITHOUT GPS OR MAPS
• Bees find the optimum path without GPS or mapping their whole environment.
• Safe-guard internet/satellite connectivity in autonomous vehicles
HUMANS AREN’T ALWAYS THE SMARTEST!
• Squirrels can remember more nut locations over winter than we can.
MANY WAYS TO BUILD A COMPLEX BRAIN
• Why do these animals need such brain complexity?
Elephant-nosed fish(same brain/body ratio as humans)
Long-finned pilot whale(more neurons in cortex than humans)
WANT SAFETY?
• Smart machines are safer than dumb machines.
Moral judgment Emotional connection Cost-effective/efficient
WHY GETTING AGI RIGHT IS IMPORTANT
• Technology could solve many of our problems, but we have to be able to trust it and listen to it.
• We want AI that relates well to us, not terminators and stupid machines
• Self-driving cars need to be safe.
• AI needs to work for everyone, not just some.
NEUROSCIENCE IS OUR BEST AGI STRATEGY
• By principle, deep learning and traditional AI is not developing AGI
• Deep learning optimizes a specific response
• Animals do flexible, variable, and creative responses