![Page 1: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the
Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE)
Kevin R. ArrigoStanford University
![Page 2: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Background
![Page 3: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Given ongoing changes in the Arctic Ocean…
How has primary production changed in recent years?
![Page 4: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Changes in Arctic Productivity
• Between 1998 and 2009, annual primary production increased by 134 Tg C (statistically significant trend)
• A 38% increase over the last twelve years
• Unexpected given presumed nutrient limitation
• Largest increases on continental shelf
![Page 5: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Changes in Arctic Productivity
Annual production highly correlated to open water area
![Page 6: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Changes in Arctic Productivity
Increase in production also related to increase in open water season
Open water season has lengthened by an average of 3.8 days yr-1 over last 12 years
45 days longer in 2009 than in 1998
Da
ys o
pen
wat
er
>5
x 1
06 k
m2
Length of Open Water Season
![Page 7: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Annual Primary Productivity (1998-2009)
Tg C yr-1
2726
109
50
23
29
123
40
Regional variability
Atlantic sectors most productive
• >50% of Arctic primary production
• Low sea ice cover
![Page 8: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Percent yr-1 Change in Primary Productivity 1998-2009
Largest annual increase:East Siberian Sea
Smallest:Greenland Sea
Significant values in white
4.410
2.3
4.7
3.8
0.2
-0.3
4.8
![Page 9: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Changes in Arctic Productivity
What is responsible for this increase?
• Lower ice cover and longer growing seasons play a role
• Increased nutrient supply also must be important- Greater shelf-break upwelling as sea ice retreats?- Increased eddy activity?- Intensified advection of nutrients from Bering Strait?
![Page 10: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ICESCAPE
Central science question:
What is the impact of climate change (natural and anthropogenic) on the biogeochemistry and ecology of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas?
![Page 11: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ICESCAPE
![Page 12: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ICESCAPE
![Page 13: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ICESCAPE
![Page 14: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ICESCAPE
![Page 15: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ICESCAPE
![Page 16: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
When?June 15 - July 21, 2010 & September 2011
Where?Start in Dutch Harbor, AK Cruise to Bering StraitBeaufort/Chukchi Sea
- Continental shelf- Canada Basin
Sea ice samplingBack through Bering StraitEnd In Seward, AK
ICESCAPE
![Page 17: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Physical Oceanography:
Bob Pickart – XBTs, ADCP, eddies
Jim Swift – CTD, O2, salinity
Mike Steele – ARGO floats
Jinlun Zhang – 3D coupled physical-chemical-biological ice-ocean modeling
ICESCAPE
![Page 18: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Eddy formation from dense water outflow
Mid-depth, cold-core eddy
We hope to conduct a We hope to conduct a three-dimensionalthree-dimensional survey of a cold- survey of a cold-core eddy, with the full suite of biological measurements. core eddy, with the full suite of biological measurements.
Pickart/Arrigo Pickart/Arrigo 2-D transect2-D transectthrough athrough acold-core eddycold-core eddyin 2002in 2002
![Page 20: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Biological Oceanography:
Kevin Arrigo and Greg Mitchell – Primary production, microalgal abundance (ice and water column) and physiology
Sam Laney – Phytoplankton community composition
Eva Ortega-Retuerta - Bacterial production
Jinlun Zhang – 3D coupled physical-chemical-biological ice-ocean modeling
ICESCAPE
![Page 21: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Combines flow cytometry, individual cell imaging, & automated image classification to assess the composition of microalgal assemblages.
Use Imaging FlowCytobot technology to assess spatial & vertical variability in Arctic algal assemblages.
Uses a computer & classifier algorithm to sort images by “taxon”
Instrument images ~500 cells per mL in ~ 4 mins.
& ~25 other categories currently…
Chaetoceros CylindrothecaCeratium
Monitoring Climate-Driven Changes in Arctic Algal Assemblages
PIs: Sam Laney & Heidi Sosik
Biology Dept., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Quantifies cells ml-1 of different algal taxa
Olson et al. 2003; Olson & Sosik 2007; Sosik & Olson 2007
![Page 22: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Chemical Oceanography:
Nick Bates – Carbon cycle measurements (e.g. DIC, alkalinity)
Jim Swift – Nutrients (e.g. NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4 , SiO3), O2, salinity
Jinlun Zhang – 3D coupled physical-chemical-biological ice-ocean modeling
ICESCAPE
![Page 23: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
STS/ODF will collect water samples from a 12-place rosette with 30-liter bottles. Rosette will be outfitted with: - SeaBird 911+ CTD w/ dual C/T sensor - Oxygen sensor, - Flourometer - Tranmissometer - CDOM fluorometer
On-board seawater analysis equipment will include: - Salinometers - Oxygen autotitration rig - 5-channel nutrient autoanalyzer (NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4, and SiO3).
![Page 24: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Optical Oceanography:
Stan Hooker and Greg Mitchell – Spectral Lu, Ed, AOPs, IOPs
Rick Reynolds and Dariusz Stramski – Particle size distribution, bb, volume scattering, SPM
Atsushi Matsuoka – aCDOM
Robert Frouin – Atmospheric correction algorithm
ICESCAPE
![Page 25: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
(Lwn 443 > Lwn490 > Lwn510) / Lwn555
1 100.01
0.1
1
10
100SO non-SPGOC4v4SPGANTv4SO SPGSO SPG HPLC
Mitchell Group
In polar regions, standard NASA algorithms based on low latitude data underestimate Chl a (Mitchell 1992, Arrigo et al. 1998).
Will collect data to determine relationships between reflectance, Chl a and IOPs.
10-1 100 101
10-2
10-1
100
CalCOFISouthern Ocean Bricaud et al. [1998]
Chl-a [mg m-3]
A BSouthern Ocean 0.041 0.927CalCOFI 0.076 0.690Bricaud et al. [1998] 0.052 0.635
ap(440)=A*chlaB
10-1 100 101
10-2
10-1
100
CalCOFISouthern Ocean Bricaud et al. [1998]
Chl-a [mg m-3]
A BSouthern Ocean 0.041 0.927CalCOFI 0.076 0.690Bricaud et al. [1998] 0.052 0.635
ap(440)=A*chlaB
Make detailed measurements of ap, ad, CDOM and backscatter to better understand Arctic Ocean bio-optical properties to
Improve Chl a and productivity algorithms required for ecological modeling.
Southern Ocean
Chl
a (
mg
m-3)
High latitudes are unique
![Page 26: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Inversion of the bio-optical properties in Mackenzie Bay, Beaufort Sea using MODIS-Aqua data of 7/6/2008 and QAAv5 algorithm of Lee et al. A. aph = phytoplankton absorptionB. adg = CDOM + detritusC. bbp = particle backscatter.
Will determine details of absorption and backscattering to improve algorithms and retrievals for key biogeochemical properties
Will provide near-real time delivery of satellite imagery to the ship for cruise planning.
aph440 adg440 bbp4400000
A B C
Mitchell Group
![Page 27: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Improving Existing Satellite Color Observations of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas for Biogeochemical Modeling
PI: Robert Frouin, SIO/UCSD; Co-I: P.-Y. Deschamps, LOA/U. Lille; Co-I: B. Pelletier, I3M/U. Montpellier
Theme
Improved atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery in the presence of snow/ice and clouds.
Objective
Generate, for the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, a daily time series of satellite-derived marine reflectance and chlorophyll concentration at 4.63 km resolution.
Approach
- Use of multiple ocean-color sensors (MERIS, SeaWiFS, MODIS).
- Use of appropriate atmospheric correction algorithm (POLYMER).
- Reconstruction of missing data.
![Page 28: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
MERIS image of the Chukchi Sea showing that water reflectance is correctly retrieved by the POLYMER algorithm, but not by the MEGS algorithm in the presence of a large semi-transparent cloud.
![Page 29: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sea Ice:
Don Perovich – Concentration, thickness, salinity, snow cover, optical properties
Kevin Arrigo – Primary production, microalgal abundance, and physiology
Karen Frey – CDOM, DOC, O2 isotopes
Jinlun Zhang – 3D coupled physical-chemical-biological ice-ocean modeling
ICESCAPE
![Page 30: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Planktonic Ecosystem Response to Changing Sea Ice and Upper Ocean Physics in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas: Modeling, Satellite and In Situ Observations
Jinlun Zhang, Carin Ashjian,
Robert Campbell, Victoria Hill,
Yvette Spitz, and Mike Steele
Biology/Ice/Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (BIOMAS)
Synthesis and modeling of the integrated system of sea ice, the upper ocean, and the plankton ecosystem in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas
![Page 31: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
BIOMAS grid configurationand ecosystem model
![Page 32: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Data Policy:
• Preliminary data will be staged at an ftp site at Stanfordhttp://ocean.stanford.edu/ICECAPS
• All data collected will be subject to the standard NASA Earth Science data policy (http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/earth-science-data-centers/data-and-information-policy/).
• Data collected are required to be submitted to the NASA SeaBASS archive (http://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/) within one year of collection.
ICESCAPE
![Page 33: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ICESCAPE
Thank You
![Page 34: Impacts of Climate on EcoSystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649ce25503460f949ad80e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)