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Impacts of building performance monitoring on integrated energy management
K. MenzelUniversity College Cork, School of Engineering
F. KatzemichHSG Zander
A. MahdaviTU Wien, Dept. of Building Physics and Building Ecology
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What are CAMPUS 21 and BaaS ?THE APPLICATION VIEW
CAMPUS 21 BaaS
Assessment Services
Prediction Services
Mid
dlew
are
Monitoring Data
Sports Complex
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 2CESBP 2013
Services
Optimisation Services
Mid
dlew
are
Actuation SignalsStadium
Campus
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What are CAMPUS 21 and BaaS ?The ‘DATA CENTRIC’ VIEW
o Data Mgmt.o Data Analysiso Data Processing
Reporting MaintenanceMgmt. Control
Load Balancing
Sensed &Metered Data
o Procuremento Business
Models
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 3CESBP 2013
o Data Processing
Weather Data
historical
predictedTimetables(predicted)
Occupation
Access Control(historical)
BIM (product)
BIM (process)
Models
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What is Building Performance ?
o Building’s Performance needs to be analysed holisti cally.
o In case of CAMPUS21 we monitor two aspects of performance:
1. The User Comfort
2. The Energy used to provide certain comfort levels.
ComfortPerformance= ---------------------------------
Energy Consumption
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 4CESBP 2013
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Scale and Scope
Energy Cost Only
Bldg. Comfort & Energy Cost
Full Cost of Ownership
o Scale and scope of Performance Analysis dependson the stakeholder perspective
OwnerArchitect
Occupant
User
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 5CESBP 2013
Sin
gle
Sy
ste
m
Fu
ll P
rod
uct
Pe
rsp
ecti
ve
Systems-in-Systems
FM-Service ProviderOperator
Energy Provider
Component Manufacturer
PPP-participant
ESCO
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What are generally applicable KPI ?
o User and Operator perspective
• It is important to identify failure in “delivering” commonly agreed comfort levels.
• Service levels either determined by legislation or engineering/design standards.
• The evaluation of service levels depends on certain perspectives, such as:� Location: ‘Spaces’ with certain function
� Time: Within a given time period
� Organisation: A certain client, service provider, operator
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 6CESBP 2013
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Examples for Comfort KPI
o The KPI used for PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS:
• Underperformance Time (UPT)... Defines the ratio of time underperforming to total operational hours
• Underperformance Ratio (UPR):... Defines the ratio of spaces underperforming to total spaces available
• Proportional Underperformance (UPP)... Defines the ratio of underperforming spaces per organisation
to total spaces available to this specific organisation;
• Underperformance Index (UPI)... Defines the ratio of underperforming spaces serviced by a
subsystem(s) to total spaces serviced by this subsystem(s);
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 7CESBP 2013
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Categories for User Behaviour
o One can identify KPI covering multiple perspectives , such as:
• Occupation Density... Defines the ratio of real (measured) numbers of people occupying a
’space’ compared to the maximum number of possible occupants in a
‘space’.
• Occupation Density Categoryprovides a grouping for the above to allow easier evaluation;
e.g. more than 75%, 40 to 75%, less than 40%
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 8CESBP 2013
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QUALITY how SERVICES are delivered
o The KPI distinguishes if component/sub-system/syste ms are active or inactive
• Absolute Use Intensity... Defines the ratio of real (measured or calculated) use
to the maximal possible “capacity” of a component, sub-system, system
• Absolute Use Intensity Category... Provides a grouping for the above
e.g. More than 75%, 40 to 75%, less than 40%)
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS opage 9CESBP 2013
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Evaluation of of SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
o Compared Use Intensity... Delivers a value indicating if different systems interact against each other.
o Required Steps:
• Identify, what (sub) systems are installed in the building(on a Campus)
• Identify “load cases” and • Identify “load cases” and (e.g. Load Case 1: Use Heating and Cooling)
• Define rules characterising the interdependencies between the contributing systems(e.g. Heating should not be active when cooling is “on”)
• Compare Use Intensities (UI) of contributing systems
• Classify result (good, critical, dysfunctional)
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS opage 10CESBP 2013
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Evaluation of Energy consumed normalised Energy consumed
o Metered Energy Consumption... Simply delivers the summary of meter readings
for dedicated periods of time (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.)
o Normalised Metered Energy Consumption... The normalised value using Degree Days as instrument to compensate for
weather impacts.
o Green Factor... Defines the ratio between energy from renewable sources (co-generated)
and TOTAL energy consumed
o Equivalent CO 2-Emissions (ECE)ECE = f(Energy Mix of {organisation})
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 11CESBP 2013
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The Impact of Building Performance Monitoring (1)
Advanced
Building ControlAdvanced
Building Control
Time
Either:Hourly Scale
or Daily Scaleor Weekly Scale
or Monthly Scale
Organisation
Either: Group Scaleor Department Scale
or Branch Scaleor Company Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 12CESBP 2013
Location
Either: Space (room) Scaleor Building Storey Scale
or Building Scaleor Site (campus) Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Either: Component Scale (CoP)or Sub-System Scaleor System Scale or System-in-System Scale
System
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The Impact of Building Performance Monitoring (2)
Load BalancingLoad BalancingLoad Balancing
Time
Either:Hourly Scale
or Daily Scaleor Weekly Scale
or Monthly Scale
Organisation
Either: Group Scaleor Department Scale
or Branch Scaleor Company Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 13CESBP 2013
Location
Either: Space (room) Scaleor Building Storey Scale
or Building Scaleor Site (campus) Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Either: Component Scale (CoP)or Sub-System Scaleor System Scale or System-in-System Scale
System
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The Impact of Building Performance Monitoring (3)
FailureFailure
Time
Either:Hourly Scale
or Daily Scaleor Weekly Scale
or Monthly Scale
Organisation
Either: Group Scaleor Department Scale
or Branch Scaleor Company Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 14CESBP 2013
Failure
IdentificationFailure
Identification
Location
Either: Space (room) Scaleor Building Storey Scale
or Building Scaleor Site (campus) Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Either: Component Scale (CoP)or Sub-System Scaleor System Scale or System-in-System Scale
System
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The Impact of Building Performance Monitoring (4)
Time
Either:Hourly Scale
or Daily Scaleor Weekly Scale
or Monthly Scale
Organisation
Either: Group Scaleor Department Scale
or Branch Scaleor Company Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 15CESBP 2013
Maintenance
ManagementMaintenance
Management
Maintenance
Management
Maintenance
Management
Location
Either: Space (room) Scaleor Building Storey Scale
or Building Scaleor Site (campus) Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Either: Component Scale (CoP)or Sub-System Scaleor System Scale or System-in-System Scale
System
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The Impact of Building Performance Monitoring (5)
Time
Either:Hourly Scale
or Daily Scaleor Weekly Scale
or Monthly Scale
Organisation
Either: Group Scaleor Department Scale
or Branch Scaleor Company Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 16CESBP 2013
BenchmarkingBenchmarkingBenchmarkingBenchmarking
Location
Either: Space (room) Scaleor Building Storey Scale
or Building Scaleor Site (campus) Scale
or Best Practice Scale
Either: Component Scale (CoP)or Sub-System Scaleor System Scale or System-in-System Scale
System
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Normalisation
o Most of the KPI can be calculated on a scale betwee n
• 0:= “worst case”
• 1:=“best case”
o This supports the introduction of ‘combined evaluation criteria’, such as
Average Service Quality (ASQ)
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 17CESBP 2013
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o Finally, a Total Building Performance Indicator (TE) can be introduced.
o This would allow for a ‘generic benchmarking’of building’s performance from using a holistic perspective.
TE= ASQ / (c /((Wgains – W purchase) +k))
• With TE >= 0 � energy positive building
• TE = 0 � ASQ=0 “worst case”
• TE <=0 � energy consuming building
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 18CESBP 2013
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Summary
o We have developed a methodology that can be used to evaluate building performance
• On different scales
• From different perspectives.
o The integration of evaluation factors allows the evaluation of multiple systems on a larger scal ethe evaluation of multiple systems on a larger scal eand cross-organisational benchmarking.
o Formulas provided for the calculation of integrated performance indicators are rather simpli sticand need to be further developed.
Workshop Campus21 / BaaS page 19CESBP 2013