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International Congress on Water 2011 Integrated Water Resources Management in Tropical and Subtropical Drylands
Mekelle, Ethiopia, 19-26 September 2011
Impact of abstractions upstream on the benefits of riverine water discharge
into the Lorian swamps, Kenya
Jan de Leeuw, Shem Kifugo, Zipporah Msiyuni,
Mohamed Said and Don Peden
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The problem
• Many African highland rivers discharge in drylands(naturally closed basins)
• Discharge important to downstream users • Secure surface water and forage during dry periods• Recharge of aquifers and wetlands• Opportunities for development
• Retention of agricultural water upstream deprives downstream communities from rivers’ benefits
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The Ewaso Ng’iro catchment
Lorian Swamp
To Nairobi
Archer’s Post
Mt. Kenya
Upstream agriculture
Merti
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Purpose of the study
• Assess water users’ downstream vulnerability to upstream abstractions Magnitude of upstream abstractionsUpstream and downstream linkages Describe downstream water uses
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Permitted abstractions
• Since 2000 2.4 m3.s-1
• Increasing over time • Underestimate
Illegal abstractions Higher in dry periods
Percent of the Total Annual Discharge at Archer's Post
1960 1985 2010
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Demand for water
• Estimated demand for water 2000 (Mutiga et al. 2010)
200 million m3.year-1 or 3.6 m3.s-1
≈ 10-15% of annual discharge at Archer’s Post 50% higher than permitted Sesaonally variable
• Low during rainy season • Escalate in dry season when river discharge is low
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0.1
1
10
100
1000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Mo
nth
ly d
isch
arge
(m3
.s-1
)
Year
River discharge Archer’s Post
Highly variableLow discharge events more frequent since 1980’s
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Number of days per year when discharge does not reach the Lorian Swamp
1950 Year 2010
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Impact on Merti aquifer
• Sustains more than 500,000 people
• Aquifer recharges during peak water flow
• Current abstractions appear to have little impact on aquifer
Recharge (km3/year)
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Monthly NDVI maps 1998 - 2010
January Month December
2010
Yea
r
199
8
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Impact on vegetation biomass
• NDVI fluctuates over time
• Swamp has higher NDVI than surrounding area
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Impact on vegetation biomass
• Significant relation water inflow and difference NDVI swamp and surroundings
• Outliers reflect local rains Lorian Swamp
NDVI
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Ewaso Ng’iro discharge and ecosystem services Lorian swamp
Water Ecosystem service Benefits
Surface-green
Livestock production Multiple uses
Wildlife conservation Tourism & public good
Domestic use Nutrition and hygiene
Livestock production Multiple uses
Wildlife conservation Tourism & public goods
Surface-blue
Fish production Food & cash
Irrigated crops Food & cash
Ground-blue
Domestic use Nutrition and hygiene
Livestock production Multiple uses 1
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Vulnerability to abstractions of the benefits from river water
• Blue surface water – highly vulnerable
• Green water – highly vulnerable
• Groundwater recharge – low vulnerability
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Conclusions Abstractions upstream significant, particularly in
dry season
Significant impact water security downstream
Benefits from surface water (green and blue) vulnerable to abstractions
Benefits from groundwater less vulnerable to abstractions
Basin level water productivity depends on upstream-downsream linkages
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Recommendations
Stimulate information exchange and dialogue between up and downstream water users
Quantify demands for water in down- and upstream areas with emphasis on dry periods
Consider mechanisms to secure access to water at both ends of basin
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After thought Similar eco-hydrological processes underpinning
upstream-downstream linkages:
Naturally closed basins
Closing basins
Rahabiltated streams and springs caused by upslope restoration of land productivity.
Potential for shared learning for management
Thank you!