2010
Nishant Kumar
School of Good Governance
6/7/2010
Impact Assessment of Projects Under JNNURM
Project Report – Impact Assessment of projects under JNNURM
2 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROJECTS
UNDER JNNURM in Bhopal
.....................................................................................................
Ministry of Urban Administration and development Department
, Government of Madhya Pradesh
......................................................................................................
Prepared By-
Nishant Kumar
PGD (RM) ,2009-11
Xavier Institute of Management,
Bhubneswar
Under The Guidance of-
Mr. U.K Sadhav, Additional Director UADD, Govt.
of Madhya Pradesh.
Project Report – Impact Assessment of projects under JNNURM
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Project Report – Impact Assessment of projects under JNNURM
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1. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ............................................................................................. 7
2. Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ 8
3. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 9
4. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 10
5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................... 10
A.6. Basic Services to the Urban Poor ( BSUP) ...................................................................... 12
A.6.1 Objective of BSUP .................................................................................................... 12
A.6.2 Study Methodology ................................................................................................. 13
A.6.3 Basic features of the Slums before the Programme- ................................................ 14
A.6.3 a. Physical Status .................................................................................................. 14
A.6.3.a.1 Nature of Housing-....................................................................................... 14
A.6.3.a.2 Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 14
A.6.3.a.3 Roads- .......................................................................................................... 14
A.6.3.a.4 Water- ......................................................................................................... 14
A.6.3.a.5 Sanitation .................................................................................................... 14
A.6.3.a.6 Garbage ....................................................................................................... 15
A.6.3.a.7 Electricity ..................................................................................................... 15
A.6.3.a.8 Rainy Season ................................................................................................ 15
A.6.3.b Social Aspects- .................................................................................................. 15
A.6.3.b.1 Security of tenure ........................................................................................ 15
A.6.3.b.2 Women and Slum ........................................................................................ 15
A.6.3.b.3 Child and Slum ............................................................................................. 16
A.6.3.b.4 Health and Hygiene- .................................................................................... 16
A.6.4 Changed Scenario with the implementation of the Programme .............................. 16
A.6.5 Characteristics of the Respondents ......................................................................... 17
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A.7. Findings ........................................................................................................................ 19
7.1 Knowledge about programme .................................................................................... 19
A.7.2 Type of House .......................................................................................................... 19
A.7.3 Sanitation Facility .................................................................................................... 20
A.7.4 Water Supply- ......................................................................................................... 20
A.7.5 Electricity Supply .................................................................................................... 21
A.7.6 Peer’s View .............................................................................................................. 22
A.7.7 Whether Expectations are met ................................................................................ 22
A.7.8 Reasons for not meeting the expectations .............................................................. 23
A.8. Perception Study of the Beneficiaries about the Programme. ...................................... 24
A.8.1 Things Beneficiaries liked about the programme ..................................................... 24
A.8.2 Benefits Residents derived from the scheme ........................................................... 25
A.8.3 Factors beneficiary consider Imp for the success of Scheme ................................... 26
A.9. Challenges Faced .......................................................................................................... 27
A.10. Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 28
A.10.1 Threat in imposing the recommendations- ............................................................. 29
A.11.WHAT COMMON PEOPLE THINK OF THE PROGRAMME .............................................. 31
B. WATER SUPPLY IN GAS AFFECTED AREA .......................................................................... 33
B.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 33
B.1.New Arif Nagar .......................................................................................................... 34
B.2Annu Nagar ................................................................................................................. 36
B.3Blue Moon Colony ...................................................................................................... 37
B.4Sundar Nagar .............................................................................................................. 38
B.5Prem Nagar .................................................................................................................. 39
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B.6 Shiv Shakti Nagar ...................................................................................................... 41
B.7 Garib Nagar ................................................................................................................ 42
B.8 Nawab Colony............................................................................................................ 44
B.9 Shri Ram Nagar .......................................................................................................... 45
B.10. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 46
B.11. Recommendations- ..................................................................................................... 47
C. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) ...................................................................................... 49
C.1 Benefits of BRTS ....................................................................................................... 49
C.2 Present Status of BRTS .............................................................................................. 50
C.3 Reasons for delay ........................................................................................................ 50
C.4 Issues ............................................................................................................................. 50
C.4.a Operational ........................................................................................................... 50
C.4.bInfrastructural ........................................................................................................ 51
C.5Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 51
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission and the Way Ahead ........................................... 52
Annexure ............................................................................................................................. 55
Questionnaire for BSUP programme. ................................................................................ 55
References ........................................................................................................................... 62
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1. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To
Mr. U.K Sadhav
Additional Director
Urban Administration and development Department , Madhya Pradesh
From
Nishant Kumar
XIM, Bhubaneswar
Subject: Submission of Project Report
Sir,
I herewith take immense pleasure to submit the Project Report on the “Impact Assessment of
projects under JNNURM” as a part of my Summer Internship done under your kind guidance
for the period of two months from, 14th
April to 11th
of June.
I had one of my best learning experiences by working with the department and I am
confident that this experience would certainly help us in my future professional career. I
would also like to take this opportunity to thank you for the support provided by you and all
the staff members of Urban Administration and Municipal Corporation to complete my
project.
With kind regards,
Yours sincerely,
Nishant Kumar
XIM, Bhubaneswar
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2. Acknowledgement
I am grateful to the School of Good Governance, Madhya Pradesh to provide me with an
opportunity of summer internship at the Urban Administration and Development Department
of the Madhya Pradesh. I also take this opportunity to thank Mr. H.P Dikshit, Director
General of School of Good Governance for his kind and benevolent support. I also thank
Umesh Chandra, Director Knowledge Management and Mr. Akhilesh Aggarwal, Director
Governance SGPA for their support in every possible way. I also thank Mr.Hyder, Director
policy Analysis SGPA and Mr. Amit, Project Co-ordinator Policy Analysis for finding out
time whenever I needed it. I also thank Gaurav Khare, Project Officer Knowledge
Management SGPA and Gaurav Aggarwal, Project Officer Policy Analysis SGPA.
My special thanks to Mr. U.K Sadhav, Additional Director Urban Administration and
Development Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh, who is my nodal officer. It was
an honour to work under his esteem guidance. In his able hands I never felt lost while doing
the project. His timely response has made possible my report in a period of 2 months.
I am thankful to every official who listened to my queries and answered them. In this regard
I would thank Mr. Ashok Khare, Mr.Anubhav Shrivastav, Mr Gopesh Shrivastav, Mr. Garg
and Mr. Pankaj .
Sambhavna Trust which is doing the needful in the gas affected area has helped me a lot in
doing the particular project on the Water Supply in Gas affected area. I am thankful to them
to let me use their research materials in this report. I am grateful to work with Ms. Ranchna
Dhigra, & Satyu. I also thank Hajra bi and Bano Bee to take me around the gas affected area.
The passionate work by them has really helped in the area and people to come out of the
trauma of the Gas tragedy.
This report is a combined effort of many patient listeners who eventually became my
respondents. I thank them for tolerating my long questionnaires and patiently answering
them.
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3. Executive Summary
The research objective of my project is “Impact Assessment of project under JNNURM “.
The area of study was Bhopal. There are altogether 9 UIG projects and 12 BSUP projects are
running in Bhopal. In the Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), the poor slum dwellers are
provided with pucca quarters. The study mainly concentrated on the changes brought about
in their lives due to the changed living conditions. Whether the expected changes are in line
with the peoples’ expectations, what is the amount of their participations and what
advantages they have gained and difficulties they are facing in the changed scenario. The
report also includes the factors that the beneficiaries liked/disliked about the programme,
factors essential for the success of the programme, benefits that they derive from the new
built houses. The methodology for the impact assessment of the BSUP projects mainly
included one to one interaction with the beneficiaries and observations.
Urban infrastructure and Governance (UIG) projects which included projects like
distribution of water in the gas affected area and bus rapid transition system (BRTS) have
been included in the project. Due to paucity of time all the projects under UIG have not been
covered. The basic methodology was one to one interaction with the government officials in
case the project is not completed like in the case of BTRS but wherever the projects are
completed like distribution of water at the gas affected areas direct questioning with the
beneficiaries was the main methodology.
In the process of collecting data and assessing them, I have talked with many officials and
gained an insight in the working of the government .Government as such is not a single
entity but a combination of many arms. What we perceive as an outsider to the workings of
the government is completely different once one gets a chance to view its functioning as one
of its part. This project for me was an eye opener in a sense that Government functions and
its workings depend upon many factors but, it has a positive co-relation with its people. If
citizens of the region are pro-active, the government will respond accordingly.
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4. Introduction
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban renewal mission (JNNURM) is a novel idea to increase the
infrastructure of the important Indian cities. The reality must be accepted that though the
India is primarily an agriculture based economy, yet the major chunk of the Indian G.D.P is
contributed by the Indian cities. But the reality of Indian cities is another aspect which
brought the programme of JNNURM. Most of our cities lack basic infrastructure to sustain a
growing economy like India. They are crunched with poor facilities and grappling with
issues of migration, transportation and slums. Bhopal which is one of the 63 cities under the
JNNURM has responded to the crisis by taking this opportunity and responding with an
emphasis to reduce the woes of its citizens.
5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
“To assess the impact of projects under JNNURM”
The basic idea is to seek the changes that have been brought by the projects under JNNURM,
to see whether the results are on expected line. It also intends to map the changes as
perceived by the beneficiaries. It will try to capture both social as well as economic changes
brought in the lives of the beneficiary due to the project.
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Filling the questionnaire at the Madrasi Colony
Survey was done in Madrasi, colony, Kalpana Nagar and Shyam Nagar.
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A.6. Basic Services to the Urban Poor ( BSUP)
Before the programme was materialised the city has a large chunk of slum dwellers in the
city. Some of them are living in the area for close to 20-25 years. The early programme of
patta distribution under the patta Act 1984 and 1988 has not brought the desired result. Of
the 78,101 families reviewed only 26% have the permanent pattas, 17% have temporary
pattas and 57% have not been given pattas. The patta Act was passed to give a sense a
security among the slum dwellers. But the large chunks of slum dwellers seem to be out of
the purview of the patta system. Though it could be debatable whether patta Act was
essentially responsible for the aggravating of the migration problems but its failure has over
the years changed the view of government from mere giving security to the holistic
resettlement of the slum dwellers.
Some of the pattas in Bhopal has been distributed on controversial land which is owned by
the Railways and BHEL. The idea of the slum free cities has prompted the government to
include the slum dwellers in the ambit of JNNURM and to provide them a holistic and better
way of living.
A.6.1 Objective of BSUP –
The basic objective of Basic Services for Urban Poor Programme is the holistic slum
Development with a healthy and enabling urban environment by providing adequate shelter
and basic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers that do not possess adequate shelter
and reside in dilapidated conditions as identified by ULB.
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A.6.2 Study Methodology
The survey of the BSUP includes altogether 120 respondents in the three areas of
interventions, via, Madrasi Colony, Shyam Nagar and Kalpana Nagar. There are 60
respondents from Madrasi colony, 40 from Shyam Nagar and 20 from Kalpana Nagar. In
Shyam Nagar some of the blocks are established for over three years.
Madrasi Colony and Kalpana Nagar are newly established colonies. So the effect of the
programme has still not been grasped by the people.
The questionnaire has tried to measure the change brought about at both the social and
physical front. It has also measured the impact of the various factors in following areas-
a) Factors responsible for the liking of the programme
b) Benefits drawn from the programme
c) Success of the programme.
Users were randomly selected and interviewed in their local language. Prior available
facilities determine their present satisfaction level. Since users were randomly selected, it
might not represent the lowest income group people who are the biggest beneficiaries. They
might have been excluded in the process.
Apart from the survey, a thorough secondary literature review has been carried out to find
out the desired result from the programme.
Likert Scale had been used in the questionnaire to map the findings of the respondents. In
the scale 1-repersent most disagree/ most disliked and similarly in decreasing order till
3.The unit 4 has been kept neutral while 5 represents agreed/liked unit and 7 most
agreed/most liked units in the increasing order sense.
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A.6.3 Basic features of the Slums before the Programme-
A.6.3 a. Physical Status
A.6.3.a.1 Nature of Housing-
The slums had a mixture of housing ranging from pucca , semi pucca kucha mud houses and
small shacks made of wood , bamboo slats and plastic sheet. The area generally included
around 300-400 sq feet. The quality of housing stock depended upon factors like the age of
the settlement, level of tenure security and sources of income.
A.6.3.a.2 Infrastructure
Though the basic infrastructure has always remained a crying need in these areas, yet the
basic facilities seemed to be able to reach in most of these regions.
A.6.3.a.3 Roads-
Most of the slums are covered by asphalt roads on the periphery and concrete or stone paved
internally. Some of these regions are also covered by kucha roads. So accessibility as such
was not an issue. The main problem faced by Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) during
the implementation of the programme was to break these asphalt or concrete roads to
facilitate them with sewerage, water facility, drainage and lighting and make them good
again afterwards. This resulted in huge cost to the implementing agencies.
A.6.3.a.4 Water-
The pipeline was laid down by the BMC and water as such was not an issue. In some areas
people complained of low pressure and inadequate hours of supply but accessibility was
never an issue. There were community taps from where people had to carry the water to their
homes.
A.6.3.a.5 Sanitation
Sanitation is a marked problem in a slum. Most slums I had visited had three kinds of
facilities-
a) Sulabh
b) Private latrine with sceptic tank and
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c) Open defecations
People with private latrines were few in numbers and the problem of sanitation used to
become acute during rainy seasons when the discharge water used to enter into other
homes which resulted in unnecessary scene of fight and nuances in the community.
A.6.3.a.6 Garbage
There was no proper system of waste disposal. Generally an open space used to become the
centre of garbage which was collected by BMC frequently. Nallahs and other drainage
systems too became their source which remained prime reasons for their choking.
A.6.3.a.7 Electricity
The electricity was fixed by the authorities and no matter how much points of connection
one is using, they had to pay a fixed amount which was usually Rs.200. In many
cases people were not paying even that amount and had the facility of electricity for
free of cost.
A.6.3.a.8 Rainy Season –
The houses in the slum provided little security during rainy seasons. In case of storm, the
roof of the house used to blow away. Even after the storm, it was nightmare to collect
their pieces. People used to wake up during whole night of rainy season since water
used to pour from the roof.
A.6.3.b Social Aspects-
A.6.3.b.1 Security of tenure- Though the patta system had benefitted them since they were
now able to avail the facility of the ration cards and voter identity cards on the same,
yet the sense of security was never permanent. Once the lease would over, their
habitations had depended upon the benevolence of the then government and other
political and social compulsions.
A.6.3.b.2 Women and Slum- The fairer sex had been worst sufferer of the slum. In the
absence of proper basic facilities like water, sanitation they had to work their way out
to run the house. Expected mother had turbulence in such a condition of living. Due to
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16 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
unhygienic living especially during the rainy season, they had to take extra burden of
an ill member in the family. They were not able to focus on the development of their
children in a proper way. The instances of eve teasing were also prominent.
A.6.3.b.3 Child and Slum- Since most of the homes in slum were semi pucca or kuchha
houses, parents had little control over their children. Women had the volume of the job
done and in the previous condition of the slum; she had little time left to take care of
her child. Fight among children which carried over to their parents was common
instances. In many cases, I felt their helplessness in monitoring the activities of
children since they had to remain outside the home for their various activities.
A.6.3.b.4 Health and Hygiene- Open defecations, choking nallahs and heap of garbage
here and there could not be a very healthy spot. Though people used to keep their
internal surrounding clean but they had little control over their outer surrounding.
A.6.4 Changed Scenario with the implementation of the Programme
The programme since its implementation has tried to fulfil its basic objectives of its genesis,
i.e. holistic development of slum. In many ways, it has succeeded in creating basic
infrastructure for the well being of the slum dwellers. With basic infrastructure in place, it
has great impact on the social aspects of the beneficiaries.
The eligible beneficiaries have got a pucca house with a minimum of 400 sq feet housing
space. The facilities of sanitation, water are now available in the house. Roads have been
paved mostly in concrete or asphalt. Electricity is now available to everyone but with
metered bill which will help agencies to recover genuine amount from the beneficiaries for
the proper maintenance of the infrastructure. Sewerage system has been developed and now
nallahs are not open which has helped in creation of a hygienic condition for the area. None
of the beneficiary had forgotten the mention the relief from the chaos during the rainy
season. They now neither have the fear of the roof being blown away nor the rain water
being entered into their home.
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Similarly on the social front, women are the biggest beneficiaries from the programme. Not
only they can draw facilities sitting at their home, but it has helped them to take better and
proper care of their children. Health and hygienic condition of the surrounding has improved
a lot. Children too have a better surrounding to live. The bar is now raised for them. The
facilities being made available now will facilitate in their proper upbringing.
A sense of security now prevails among the residents. They accept the fact willingly that in
their lifetime, they could not had been able to build a home for themselves. The programme
by many has been considered a pass for prosperous and better standard of living.
A.6.5 Characteristics of the Respondents
Of the total 120 respondents, 74% are male and 26% are female. Similarly 51% of the
respondents had primary education, 38% are illiterate and 10% have studied till secondary
level.
38%
51%
10% 1%
Literacy
Illetrate Primary Secondary Graduation
26%
74%
SEX
female male
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The average family size of the respondents were 5.29. Maximum number of the
households has 5 family members in their home. 33 households have 5 members in their
home. 26 households have 6 members and 22 households have 4 members.
32% of the respondents have private job while 29% are daily wage earner. Only 12% have
any kind of governmental job.
3
11
22
33
26
17
7
1
No of family members
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Avg family size
Avg family size
29%
32%
27%
12%
Occupation
Daily wage earner Pvt job Housewife Government
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A.7. Findings
7.1 Knowledge about programme
Half the respondents had some idea about the programme. Mostly male members have a fair
idea, but the women folk lacked in the knowledge of the programme.. The entries in the
questionnaire has been done positive even if they do not know the name of the programme ,
but have a general idea of the programme.
A.7.2 Type of House
Before the programme was launched, 37.5%
had kucha house, 32.5 had semi puca and the
rest 30% had pucca houses. The programme
has provided every one of them with a puca
home.
Know about prog
Know
Donot know
37.5 32.5 30
100
Kucha Semi pucca Pucca
Type of house
Type of house then Type of house now
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A.7.3 Sanitation Facility
The study revealed that before the start of the programme 42.5% of the respondents used
open latrine while 47% had private pit
with sceptic or dry pit. 11% of the
respondents had to rely on community
toilet. Since the houses built now have in
built latrine – bathroom facility, 100% of
the respondents are now able to avail its
facility.
Though a large chunk of respondents had shown their dissatisfaction over the join latrine –
bathroom facility made available to them (which is being shown below in the reasons for the
programme not meeting their expectation)
A.7.4 Water Supply-
The condition of water supply in the area of study was decent. Community pipes were laid
which serves the need of water for households. For every 10-12 households, there was
provision of one community tap. Some people have facility for water in their home for which
they used to pay private tax. But a
large chunk of respondents
depended upon the community
tap provided by the Municipality.
Service fee was taken by BMC
for the water supply.
With the present BSUP
programme, the respondents have
been provided with tap water supply at their home. Water supply is at regular interval (water
is supplied at colonies alternate days.). In Shyam Nagar residents have got private tank
placed at the top of the building. But respondents claim that the water pressure is never high
that water could enter in the tanks. So they have cut the pipes and now fill water with the
Supply of water before Supply of water
after
25100
740
1
Water Supply
At home Community tap Tubewell
42.50
47100
11 0
Sanitation facility before Sanitation facility now
Sanitation Facility
Open Private Community Toilet
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21 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
help of buckets. It was major source of harass for women. It was difficult to gauge the reason
but they blamed municipality for the problem but luckily nobody has lodged a complaint
with municipality, nor called a private plumber. Still women folk have benefitted a lot from
the supply of water at home, since now they do not have to stand in a queue nor carry a load
of water to home which saves a lot of time for them. As far as payment goes, in none of the
colony water tax has been collected till yet, but a separate tax is in the process of being
imposed on the residents. The respondents too showed no objection for this. It will help in
making the system sustainable and help in recovering the operational cost for the BMC.
A.7.5 Electricity Supply
Though the concerned agency had tried to
put the meter in the previous slum set up, but
it had not succeeded. The popular system has
been to fix the charge which usually would
be around Rs. 200. But it was a general case
of wastage of electricity there was no
disincentive for unnecessary usage. But with the metered electricity bill, a propionate billing
system is in place and people now debar themselves from unnecessary usage. In the previous
setup, many respondents never used to pay the electricity bill. But now no such freebies are
available.
Fixed Meter
Nopay
Electricity supply
then 85 12 3
Electricity supply Now 100
050
100
Electricity supply before
Electricity supply Now
No pay
Meter
Fixed
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A.7.6 Peer’s View
48% of the respondents feel that the
house has not affected the view of
their peers nor it has not raised their
status in society while 52%
consider that it has raised their
status among the peers.
A.7.7 Whether Expectations are met
On considering the overall
expectation from the house,
almost 46% showed that the
house has met their
expectations. They considered
it as a life time opportunity
which they are bestowed with.
While 54% of the respondents felt that the programme left much to desire and facilities could
had been improved for better acceptance by the residents. They main reasons for their
disapproval were low participation level, improper quality of services, construction of house
and in some cases high rate of EMI.
Peer's View
Increased
No Change
Yes46%No
54%
Meet the expectation
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A.7.8 Reasons for not meeting the expectations
Various reasons were cited for not meeting the expectations. 22% of the respondents believe
that area provided is small and the rooms should have been bigger. Generally such responses
came when the size of the family is big or there is a joint family. 19% considered that EMI
rate is high. 18% considered that the facilities so provided are not good. There were some
respondents who gave more than one reason for their dissatisfaction from the current
programme.
18%
19%
18%
22%
23%
Reasons for not meeting expectation
Area of home is small EMI is high
Facilities are not good Houses are not properly built
More than one reason
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A.8. Perception Study of the Beneficiaries about the Programme.
A seven scale likert scale in the questionnaire was created to know the perception of the of
the beneficiaries about the programme. During the conduct of the study, it was found out that
some critical factors need to be identified which can make or break the programme. Their
likes and dislikes on various factors were thus tried to be recognised. Likert Scale had been
used in the questionnaire to map the findings of the respondents. In the scale 1-repersent
most disagree/ most disliked and similarly in decreasing order till 3.The unit 4 has been kept
neutral while 5 represents agreed/liked unit and 7 most agreed/most liked units in the
increasing order sense.
A.8.1 Things Beneficiaries liked about the programme
The beneficiaries for instance were very critical to the level of participation in the whole
process. They said that it was a minimal at best which has been reflected in the data analysis
where 58% of the respondents were not satisfied to the participation in the decision making.
14.2
99.2
9.2
99.2
84.2
87.5
45.0
63.3
28.3
15.0
2.8
0.8
4.2
20.0
20.0
57.5
0.8
75.8
0.8
15.0
8.3
35.0
16.7
Participation of beneficiary
Government finance of the scheme
Bureaucrat Helpfulness
Timely construction of building
Loan scheme
EMI facility
Construction of house
Facilities made available
Things Beneficiaries liked about the prog.
Disliked Neutral Liked
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25 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
Similarly a considerable percentage of respondents showed their dislike to the join latrine –
bathroom facility and the general construction of the house. This was most prominent in
Madrasi Colony and Kalpana Nagar. Questions on the tenacity of the houses so constructed
were also raised.35% of the respondents were not happy with the construction of the house.
Bureaucrat helpfulness presented a sad note where 76% were not happy with it (Bureaucrat
helpfulness in the planning, implementing and in general interaction with the beneficiaries
was measured.)
But factors like EMI facility, loan programme was appreciated by the beneficiaries. At some
point the rationality behind the rate of EMI was questioned. In some colonies ( in Madrasi
Colony ,EMI is Rs.936) rate of EMI is near to Rs.1000 and couple with electricity and water
bill , it will cross Rs.1500. In slum many respondents claimed their income to be in range of
Rs.3000-4500 with such low income, a very high percentage of their income is going to the
residential part of their expenditure which might not be feasible in the long run.
A.8.2 Benefits Residents derived from the scheme
Rise in the standard of living
Positive impact of children
Sense of security
Permanent Tenure
Saving of time
66.7
73.3
70.8
53.3
83.3
14.2
25.8
19.2
25.8
12.5
19.2
0.8
10.0
20.8
4.2
Benefits Residents derived from the scheme
Disagree Donnot Know Agree
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26 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
The homes built are actually affecting the residents in more than way. On the one hand they
are able to save a lot time, which was wasted in collecting the daily needed things like water
but also a palpable sense of security can be felt in them. Instead of patta, now they are being
provided with permanent homes with a verdict of their ownership. This will help in further
investment in their dwelling which was hard to come in their temporary set-up. The time so
saved can productively be used especially by the women. If we look at the data, almost 84%
claimed that they are able to save time because of in house facilities of water and sanitation,
71% verdict on the increased sense of security due to pucca houses and permanent
ownership. Most interestingly almost 74% claimed that the new set up will have positive
impact on the children and will pave a way for a better future for them.
A.8.3 Factors beneficiary consider Imp for the success of Scheme
Since now they are living in the homes, it was felt necessary to map their understanding of
the programme to know their understanding of the critical factors necessary for the success
70.8
62.5
64.2
69.2
98.3
92.5
42.5
23.3
15.8
13.3
27.5
1.7
5.0
11.7
5.8
21.7
22.5
3.3
0.0
2.5
45.8
Bureaucrat Helpfulness
Govt. financial support
Willingness of beneficiary
Participation of beneficiary
Maintenance of infrastructure
Quality of facilities made available
Increased Source of Income
Factors Beneficary consider Imp for the success of Scheme
Not needed Donot Know Needed
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27 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
of the programme. 43% of the respondents considered that the government should run some
programmes which can result in increased and constant source of income for them. Since the
outflow of income has become constant in form of EMI, water and electricity bill, the inflow
should match the same to sustain the programme.
Government financial support has been considered an important factor in the success of the
programme. Support of bureaucrat and participation of the beneficiary is needed to full fill
the objective of the programme. But their own participation in the run of the programme has
been minimal.
Post habitation maintenance of the common infrastructure is posing a big threat to the
sustainability of the programme. The level of participation and trust among themselves
is minimum at the best which impedes in the creation of any kind of committee to be
formed to take care of the created common infrastructure.
A.9. Challenges Faced
The biggest challenge was to create trust among the respondents so that they can be
free to answer the questions. Typically I rarely used questionnaire in front of them and
most of the conversation was open ended which I felt was best suited to know the real
happenings.
Paucity of time has limited the number of respondents
Since except Shyam Nagar where respondents are living for the past 3 years, the
respondents have settled just a few months back in Madrasi Colony and Kalpana
Nagar, they have difficulty in gauging the social changes that can be brought by the
programme. The mapping of the perception of beneficiaries of such a programme
should be done at least yearly, so that changes if any in the response could be mapped.
Documentation of yearly mapping of the impact assessment will help in capturing of
the changes in the beneficiaries’ assessment of the programme.
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A.10. Recommendations
The present system brings forth little participation from the beneficiaries. If we can bring
more participation from day one, we can establish bottom up approach where their voices are
heard and concerns addressed. This will make them an active stake holder instead of a
passive one which is their current status.
Procedure to do so-
The process flow that i have generated after talking with the beneficiaries seeks to do so in
the following steps -
Step1- A committee of 20-25 members of the beneficiaries are formed in which a fair
representation is kept for the women.
Step2- The committee is taken to the already completed site to have a look of the kind of
structure being created.
Step3- Their concerns are taken into consideration and they are removed after providing
adequate facility.
Step4- The committee meets once a week/ fortnight as suitable presided by an official where
their concerns are taken into considerations.
Step5- The lottery system happens before the construction starts so that they get the
ownership of the house and take active participation.
Step6- EMI starts early in the programme so that by the time they settle, a good proportion
of the loan is paid off.
This will also help BMC to generate fund from the beneficiary itself instead of moving to
some other agency like bank.
Step7- In the initial year(s) the maintenance work should be looked after by BMC. At the
same time there should be approach for community participation so that over the year the
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29 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
baton is passed on to the community itself. The flat culture is very new to them and it thus
become imperative that they are trained in it through community participation.
The reason to emphasize this point is the fact that infrastructure in the colonies created could
be dampened if proper care is not taken. The sustainability of the project depends upon the
beneficiary taking benefit and in turn paying the required amount. Improper handling of the
created infrastructure will be disincentive at large in paying of EMI.
A.10.1 Threat in imposing the recommendations-
a) Participation and bottom up approach has remained elusive in our system. The
involvement of the government brings forth a laxity filled attitude from the beneficiary
but the system cannot succeed unless we strive to make them an active participant.
The benefits are so obvious for the parties concerned that, it should be tried at least on
a pilot basis in some projects in future.
b) The patta system which is the basis of providing home to the beneficiaries can cause
trouble since the beneficiaries will try to put forth their perception to get maximum
benefit instead of legal benefit.
c) The formation of committee itself could be risky and if constant objections are raised
by them, the work could be delayed.
The houses should be insured and if possible the premium too should be distributed
between beneficiary and the government. It will help in restoring that their money would
not be wasted in case some natural calamity happens. (Generally insurance is done by
bank to insure their loan, but it was not done yet and perhaps it is in the process)
There should be a single point of contact among the officials who is approachable by
the committee and has the authority to take the action.
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ULB takes
the residents
to the
completed
project site
Consult the
beneficiary
Over
proposed
structure
A committee is
formed of
beneficiaries is to
meet once a
month presided by
an official
Bring a
booklet which
contains basic
information of
the
construction
Beneficiary are
ready to move
Take the
concerns of
the
beneficiary
No
Yes
The bneficary is
satisfied with the
proposed structure
Remove the
beneficiries
after
providing
adequate
facility at
proposed site
Start the
EMI at the
construction
time itself.
Construction is
according to given
guidelines
maintenance in
municipality
hand and fix an
amount for the
same
Once the residents
are ready to handle
the maintenance , the
baton is passed to
them
Allot the
home on
lottery basis
Yes
No
PROPOSED
yes
No
No
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A.11.WHAT COMMON PEOPLE THINK OF THE PROGRAMME
Since common tax payer people too are stakeholders in the programme since it is after
all their money which is being used to subsidize such programmes. So I did a survey of
such people to know their perception of such programme and in particular the BSUP.
The results were interesting. Out of 90 people, 75 did not confirm the subsidizing of the
programme. The main reasons given by them were-
1) The people will not value the created infrastructure. They will rent the home and
will move themselves to some other place to live.
2) The purpose of the programme is to free the city from the SLUM but the
programme is in proportionately helping slum dwellers which will encourage
others to move and create new slum and within a decade the achievement will
come to a naught.
3) The third issue raised was the reliance on the people that they will not sell the
home. There is provision that one could not sell it . Yet there is no denying the
fact that there are ways to do so within legal ambit.
On the other hand they accept that, it is government moral and legal obligation to
provide slum dwellers with a better living option.
4) It will put an end to the freebies like electricity and water and now they will pay
in proportion of their use.
Though 90% of them recognised that despite the entire shortcoming, it is the
duty of the government to provide them with better living conditions.
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B. WATER SUPPLY IN GAS AFFECTED AREA
B.1 Introduction
December 3, 1984 was the worst day in the Indian History of Industrialisation when Bhopal
was struck with the man made calamity. Union carbide Bhopal had the leakage of lethal gas,
Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) which caused the death of more than 10,000 people since then.
More importantly it has polluted the land and water resources. The water of in and around
the carbide factory is certified that it is not suited for drinking purpose. In some areas even
after 26 years of disaster, hazardous material in water is found to be 56 times more than the
accepted range.
Supreme Court on its May7th 2004 verdict issued order to the State Government that
immediate water supply is made to the Gas affected areas. The Supreme Court directive was
based on the submission of the report by SC hazardous Waste Monitoring Committee 2nd
Quarterly Report on hazardous waste dump site in Bhopal.
Henceforth Municipal Corporation, Bhopal has decided to execute the project under
JNNURM project under which 50% of the project is borne by Central Government, 20% of
the project is borne by State Government and the rest by BMC.
Altogether 14 colonies have been identified where the water supply under the given
programme has been supplied. Since November people have been benefitted by the supply of
Kolar water.
The following are the name of the colonies where the programme has been implemented.
New Arif Nagar, Blue Moon Colony, Nawab Colony, Annu Nagar, Sri Ram Nagar,
Preet Nagar, Chandwari, Timber Market, Garib Nagar, Shiv Shakti Nagar, Sundar
Nagar, Prem Nagar, Shiv Nagar, Atal Ayub Nagar.
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B.1.New Arif Nagar
In New Arif Nagar, the water supply from the laid down pipe has started since November.
Before that they had the supply from the tanker trucks which put the water in the established
tanks there. Water is available on the alternate day. There is no pressure in the water supply
due to which water does not reach till tanks. People therefore have broken the pipes and fill
the water from there. There is no time table still made which people can follow to get the
water. This results in day long wait on the scheduled day of water supply. Water so supplied
is good but people complained of low pressure which has resulted in non usage of tanks
established there.
No. Of
residents
~ 1500
Total Area 2.44 ha
Location North in the
immediate
vicinity of
plant site
along
railway
tracks
Since kolar line was broken, people had
no option but to use the tube well water
for drinking purposes.
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People store around 60-80 litres of water from the supply for around two days. But in case of
irregularity like the recent case of failure of water supply due to breakage in the Kolar pipe
line, people resorted to drink water from the tube well which nullifies the very aim of
supplying the water , i.e., to prevent people from drinking poisoned water. As can be seen
from the picture, people were waiting in queue to get the water since Kolar line was broken
and tanker trucks had not come to fill the gap.
Issues Identified
1) There is low pressure in the pipe due to which people have broken the pipe.
2) The tanks are empty and are not used since water does not reach there.
3) People still use tube wells in case of irregular water supply.
4) There is no scheduled time for the water supply.
People standing in queue to get the water
from the laid down pipe since water is not
available in the tanks due to low pressure.
Overhead water storage tank in Arif Nagar.
It is used to supply parts of New Arif Nagar
with water by a pipe network.
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B.2Annu Nagar
Annu Nagar is a colony with illegally built houses beside the railway tracks of Indian
Railway. It is set up as a narrow strip of two to four houses at a length of about 650 m. The
ground on which the houses are built is owned by the Indian Railway.
In Annu Nagar a large portion of the water need is fulfilled by the piped water supply from
the Kolar. Though water reaches the tanks yet there is no time table to provide the water
which cause unnecessary difficulty to the residents. At some point, lack of community
mobilisation is found due to which people do not take the responsibility of cleaning the
tanks. Before the supply of water, tanker trucks were main stay for the water. In case of any
irregularity people resort to boring or tube well facility from nearby colonies.
Annu Nagar is illegally established area along
the railway track.
Public Water pump removed by BMC after the
water was made available through tanks and
later by piped lines
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B.3Blue Moon Colony
The houses are generally in a good shape at the Blue Moon Colony and the inhabitants can
be considered to belong to the middle and lower class. Blue Moon is located in the
immediate vicinity to the Solar Evaporation Pond (SEP) of UCIL
The water from Kolar dam is available since November’09. Water condition is pretty good
and people have higher level of satisfaction from the programme. In case of water does not
reach to the residents, people are resort to use water pumps as in other colonies. There are no
bore wells and Kolar water and hand pumps are only two sources of water here. The tanks
are regularly cleaned. Generally the tanks are put on an individual name who takes care of it
with the general public mobilisation. Hand pumps water taste salty and are not suitable for
drinking but people have to resort to it in case water from the piped line does not reach them.
Establishment
unknown
Inhabitants
~ 1230
Area
3.67 ha
Location
Northeast of UCIL plant side
and southwest in the immediate
vicinity of the Solar
Evaporation Pond (SEP).
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B.4Sundar Nagar
Sunder Nagar is a legally established colony south of the Solar Evaporation Pond (SEP). The
houses are in a good shape, the inhabitants belong to the middle class. It is located north east
of UCIL plant and in the immediate vicinity of Solar evaporation Plant (SEP) with a total
area of 1.62 ha.
Sub tank from where water is supplied
Private water source which people use to
fill deficient need and in case water does
not reach from pipe line
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With about 250 inhabitants, Sunder Nagar is very small. Like other colonies before the
supply of the water, they had to depend upon the water tanker trucks and private hand
pumps. There is one government tube well which is still being used by a large section of
people not only from Sunder Nagar but from other colonies too.
With the construction of pipe lines, water is now available from the Kolar. The water reaches
the tankers and people resort to alternate filling of their vessels. This way everybody gets
enough water without any fight for 3 days or more.
The tube well water is salty and people also complain about foul smell from it sometime. But
in case the water does not reach and tankers are not available, people unwillingly have to
drink this water only.
B.5Prem Nagar
Prem Nagar is a well
established legal colony
with good houses. The
houses are mostly brick
houses with more than
two floors. People have a
The Government tube well that is still in
use there.
Project Report – Impact Assessment of projects under JNNURM
40 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
regular income and can said to belong to the middle class.
A high density of private hand pumps and bore wells can be found in Prem Nagar.
Approximately for half of the sources, a bad smell was reported to come from the water.
Descriptions range from petrolic, salty, chlorine smell to just “bad”. Many sources give
muddy water and people drink that water unfiltered.
Previously water from the tanker trucks is used to fill the tanks. The water for the tanks was
mainly available from Rasla khedi. Since Nov’09 people of Prem Nagar are now able to take
the benefit of the Kolar water. Though water is available, yet it is not sufficient. To fill the
gap people have resorted to alternate day filling of the water. So if one has filled water today,
he/ she will not fill water when next time water will come. Thus on an average only 50% get
water in a single day.
The hand pumps are still installed in Prem Nagar. But water from it is not suitable for
drinking purposes or any other purpose.
Muddy water from the bore wells
which people use in case water does
not reach them
A private tube well which is in use.
People said that in case water does
not reach, they pay to get water from
here.
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B.6 Shiv Shakti Nagar
The houses are generally in a good shape in Shiv Shakti Nagar and the inhabitants can be
considered to belong to the middle class. Shivshakti Nagar is located right next to the Solar
Evaporation Pond (SEP) of UCIL. In Shiv Shakti there are still signs of many bore wells and
hand pumps. Most of these bore wells and tube wells are avoided by the residents for bad
taste of water. A large number of bore wells and tube wells have been closed in the recent
past. This could be because of regular supply of water first from Rasla khedi and later from
the Kolar. Now water from Kolar is available to almost 100% of the population.
The residents are satisfied with current supply of water but complained of irregularity which
now causes those more problems since they have closed their private sources of supply. They
Tanks are now a major source of
water supply for the residents.
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42 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
demanded that in case of irregularity, they should be informed and tanker trucks should
come to supply at least the drinking water. Like other area, in case there is absence of supply
of water to residents people resort to private sources.
B.7 Garib Nagar
Inhabitants Close to
2000
Area 6.79 Ha
Location Northeast
of UCIL
plant and
beside SEP.
Private bore well in use
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Garib Nagar is an illegal colony; people do not own the land and have no official permission
to build their houses on the area. The houses are built alongside a road on a length of about
600 meters. The houses are generally in a good shape, but the inhabitants are poor. Most of
them have a low income from daily work (e.g. vegetable sellers, daily wage). Garib Nagar is
located right next to the Solar Evaporation Pond (SEP) of UCIL. It is feared by the residents
that the waste seepage from the nearby SEP has made the water unsuitable for drinking
purposes. Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB) found several toxic chemicals
in the ground water of Garib Nagar. Thus ground water is not at all suitable for drinking
purposes.
Previously water from private sources like boring and tube well was used. But since tanks
are established in 2007, people use water tanker trucks for the drinking purpose. Later pipe
line was laid and now Kolar Water is available to almost all the residents of the colony. The
water supply is regular and sufficient amount of water is available in the colony.
The tank in the Garib Colony. People
clean it every fortnight or a month.
Public mechanic bore well which is in use
since 2005. People still use it even for
drinking purpose
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B.8 Nawab Colony
Total Residents Close to
4000
Total Area 9.314 ha
Location North of
UCIL plant
side
Nawab Colony is a legally established colony. The area is divided in four parts. The houses
are generally in a good shape and the majority of the inhabitants can be considered to belong
to the middle class, some inhabitants (mostly tenants) are poor.
Just a few hand pumps and bore well can be found in Nawab Colony. Before the laid pipe
lines, tanker trucks used to come, carrying Rasla Khedi water. People said that the tanker
trucks water was good. Nawab Colony is one of the first colony were Kolar water started
coming. People were satisfied with present level of supply from the Kolar line. Though they
too complained of erratic schedule of water supply. The water tanks situated at the corner of
the Nawab Nagar is used by both Nawab Nagar and Annu Nagar. There are 19 tanks in the
Nawab Nagar. Except one rest 18 are for public use. Though there are some private tube
wells and bore wells too. They are mainly used for purposes other than drinking.
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B.9 Shri Ram Nagar
Shri Ram Nagar is an illegally established colony. The houses are located next to the railway
tracks and are mostly built out of wood, plastic layers, cow dung and corrugated metal
sheets. The people are poor and do not have many private sources of private supply.
At many places, points of taps have been created instead of tankers and people directly fill
water into the vessels. This is in fact useful since in many cases improper care of tankers has
resulted in polluted water.Though other kind of problems engulf Shri Ram Nagar water
supply. It is the problem of maintenance of the laid pipes. Since at some places due to poor
maintenance, pipes have corroded which has lead to soil and other ground materials entering
No of
residents
Close to 800
Location North east of
UCIL plant
side alongside
the railway
track.
Area .954ha
Government Hand pump is used when there is little
or no supply. These are also sources for additional
requirement s in the colony.
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46 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
through the pipe. Every home in the Shri Ram Nagar has now access to the Kolar water
supply.
B.10. Conclusions
Madhya Pradesh Government has made a very good effort to provide water in the area. To
create additional infrastructure and to reach that to people is not an easy task. But combined
effort of the residents and the implementing agency ,i.e, BMC has indeed been able to do
that. People are now in a better position than they were a few years back. They are able to
get clean water in their vicinity. Though efficiency level of the created infra is in question at
some place but in time, it was felt that they were technical issues and will be sorted out . Still
the service can be more effective if we can generate transparent information and disseminate
the same through some common channel. People need not wait unnecessary for the
scheduled water supply nor need they to force themselves to drink ground water which has
been declared unfit. The next step is to make water available in each home. BMC has already
taken initiative in this regard and people too are ready to pay if they can get the facility of
getting at their own home.
Tube well in the pic was
closed by BMC after foul
smell was detected from it.
Impact Assessment has been done in the following Areas
New Arif Nagar, Blue Moon, Annu Nagar, Prem Nagar, Sunder Nagar, Garib Nagar, Shri Ram
Nagar,Nawab Colony, Shiv Shakti Nagar
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B.11. Recommendations-
The project has been executed very well. The general level of satisfaction from the project is
high yet the problem of last mile remains. Following are some recommendations for the
problems identified.
Problem Recommendations
Low pressure/
Maintenance of pipes
There will always be some issue like this. BMC should be clear
who is responsible to fix it and the public should have access to that
person.
Unscheduled Supply There can be some technical issue which can prevent scheduled
supply. But instead of residents to keep in waiting, a SMS can tell
them on what time water will come. The said infrastructure of
information dissemination can be created at no cost.
Irregular supply Tanker trucks must go to give at least drinking water to at least
those areas where water is highly contaminated. Though water
supply in whole area through tanker trucks in such scenario is more
recommended.
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C. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS)
The increasing population in the city will lead to congestion and unnecessary pollution. It
thus becomes imperative that some form of mass rapid transit system ( MRTS) comes in
place which can take care of a large chunk of the daily commuters . Bus rapid transit system
of Bhopal was envisaged with such foresightedness and is now executed under the ongoing
JNNURM programme.
Bus Rapid Transit system uses exclusive roadways to provide special corridors for buses to
transit. This helps in creating fast and reliable service irrespective of traffic congestion or
weather condition. BRTS also uses modern means like GIS to provide real time information
to the commuters.
C.1 Benefits of BRTS
BRTS
Enviromental benefits
Increased Speed
Reduced COngestion
Saving of time
Increased Safety
BRTS will help in taking care of a better portion of the commuters which will take the load
off the main road. Thus private vehicles will have more space to run which will result in
increased speed and thus a lot of saving of time. Since BRTS will have a dedicated lane then
obviously the buses will transit much faster which will make up for a lot of saved time for
commuters. The decrease in the vehicle volume from the road will help in making road
much safer. Better transit system, reduced congestion and coupled with improved speed will
result in decreased level of pollution and other environmental benefits.
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C.2 Present Status of BRTS
The date of approval of the project is 10th of November, 2006. 21.75 Km has been approved
under BRTS as of now with a total cost of Rs.237.76 crore. The main implementing agency
of the BRTS in Bhopal is BMC. Though the original target date was Nov ’08 but due to
delay August 2011 has been set as the revised target date.
The work has been awarded in two phases for the construction of the corridor. 22% of the
physical progress has been completed. The orders have been passed to supply the buses on
9th
of November.
C.3 Reasons for delay –
1) Delay in finalization of the Implementing Agency – Funds transferred to BMC in
May’ 2008 by State Govt.
2) Delay in Tendering process – due to enforcement of three consecutive Models Code
of Conduct.
3) Delay in transfer of Road from NHAI
4) Most of the corridor falling in city portion hence lot of Utilities, Temples and other
properties are required to be shifted. - Christian Cemetery ( 18 Graves), 15 large &
Small temples shifted.
5) Railways permission is still awaited for Railway Over Bridge( ROB)
C.4 Issues
C.4.a Operational
1) No Bid received for Operators due to large number of Low Floor and Semi Low Floor
Buses.
2) Standard Buses are more viable due to low capital and O & M cost.
3) It is proposed to partially replace the Low floor and Semi Low Floor buses with
Standard Buses.
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51 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
4) Resistance from the existing Mini Bus/Tata Magic operators to move into new
assigned routes.
5) Dedicated Bus lanes not possible in core city areas.
C.4.bInfrastructural
1) Permission from National Highway Authority of India delayed by one year.
2) Permission from Railways for construction of ROB is still awaited.
3) Most of the corridor falling in city portion hence lot of utilities. Religious structures
are required to be shifted.
4) Few Heritage structures are creating bottlenecks.
5) Existing heavy traffic on the corridor is making the progress slow.
C.5Conclusion
Bus Rapid Transit System is the need of the
hour to make public transport smoother and
safer. BRTS will be an integration of different
transport system. The whole idea is to create a
system where people prefer public transport.
The use of modern means like GIS ( Geographic
Information System ) will make the system user
friendly . Like any new project, BRTS too will
need innovation to be successfully implemented
but the system success will depend upon the acceptance among the common person.
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Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission and the Way Ahead
Basic Objective
The basic objective of starting the JNNURM programme is to enable the cities to become
ready for the grill of the coming decade. It also aims to find solutions of problems of the
region through localized effort. The 73rd
and 74th Amendment Act seeks to transfer the
power to the people itself. The effect of these changes will be long term and hopefully for the
better. JNNURM seeks to build city for the future. It is giving the required shape to the cities
which will become economic hub for the future. Most importantly it seeks to include the
poorest of the poor. It wants them to be a part of the growing city. It is trying to build a city
slum free. Those who have witnessed the characteristics of cities undoubtedly will consider it
as a difficult job. But Basic Services to the Urban Poor is converting cities slum free. It is
bringing services at the door of the slum dwellers, providing them their own dwelling at an
affordable cost. Instead of patta , they are now being provided with their own home and in
house facilities of bathroom and water supply. Most importantly the houses are registered in
their name and thus the whole right of property is transferred to them. This in itself is a big
change in the attitude of the government, which previously considered such people as burden
is now ready to effectively bring them and their next generation in the growth story of India.
JNNURM and ULBs
JNNURM also represents the amalgamation of efforts of the Centre, State and Municipal
Corporation for the betterment of the citizens of India. The role of Centre though limited to
finance and consulting is yet critical. JNNURM seeks additional responsibility on the
shoulder of Municipal Corporation. But this should also be considered once in a while
opportunity for it to make itself more effective, from added power comes more responsibility
to them.
My Experience at Bhopal &Good work of BMC
In my experience of JNNURM projects in Bhopal, the active role by State and BMC has
really put the gear on the development of infrastructure in the city. The critical components
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53 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
for the development of the city have been brought under JNNURM. The inclusion of water
supply in gas affected area under JNNURM is also commendable. My personal experience
to deal with BSUP projects and water supply in Gas affected area has shown the good work
of BMC. As my report has already stated under both the projects, the satisfaction level of
people has gone up. Considerably so in providing services to the urban poor, Bhopal
Municipal Corporation has indeed done a good job. The buildings are completed in record
time for the benefit of the poor. If the work is continued with same enthusiasm, then there is
no doubt that the JNNURM will bring visible changes in the city of Bhopal.
The intension of Centre for starting the JNNURM programme was to serve more than just a
basic need to the city people. It is trying to create a proactive system, where the solutions are
locally generated. The programme under JNNURM also emphasis that private players are
involved in the development of the projects to bring private expertise in the execution of
projects. PPP model is increasingly expected as the best solution for overcoming
governmental set up. BMC in its capacity has tried to fit into that shoe of autonomy. Be it
choice of programme or the plan to execute it, BMC has done a fair job.
Some Cautions
Their need some caution too. The outflow of fund of the municipal corporations has
increased considerably due to the JNNURM projects. BMC is already over stretched, to keep
their integrity intact, they need to augment their current source of funding and resort to some
innovative methods to finance the current JNNURM projects like debt financing and raising
of bonds to mitigate the risk and keep the interest of raising the fund at minimum.
Sustenance of the infrastructure is equally important. The agencies involved in the processes
of implementation of JNNURM needs to understand the significance of the problem of the
last mile. If the process for O&M is not created, then the whole effort will be wasted. So, it
is necessary that the process of O&M is in built in the system. My understanding for the
importance of this component was made during the BSUP programme when lack of the
maintenance has severely damaged some part of the infrastructure. The implementing agency
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54 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
has left the maintenance part to the beneficiaries. But the whole system is new to beneficiary
and it will take time before they can handle the same.
There is also a need of capacity building within the agencies. With the local governance idea
permeating within the system, it is necessary that the required skill set up is added to the
existing ones. With increasingly complex projects being handled by municipal corporations
like BMC, it is needed that they too look for augmenting their own capacity to handle the
added responsibility.
JNNURM is just a beginning....
Yet JNNURM should be seen as a step for an effective and proactive city. JNNURM at most
can give the initial push to fly but to continue flying; one needs the supply of fuel on its own.
JNNURM has though initiated the process of city development which needs to be continued.
It should be an inbuilt process where solutions for the problems are generated locally as well
as implemented and executed at the same level. JNNURM will be considered successful only
if it will be able to create any such system in the city. A city like Bhopal is dynamic and
therefore it is necessary that its development too should evolve with time.
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55 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
Annexure
Questionnaire for BSUP programme.
1)What is your name ? ..........................................................
2) How many members are there in your family ? ...............................................................
Male Female Children
Age Nam
e
Educatio
n level
Professio
n
Ag
e
Nam
e
Educatio
n Level
Professio
n
Ag
e
Nam
e
Educatio
n Level
Professio
n
3) a) Do You know under which scheme your home is built?
Know about JNNURM Know about BSUP
3) b) Know about JNNURM but does know the details ................................................................
c) Whether know about any other Government scheme .......................................................
4) Amount of contribution by various parties -
Contribution by government
(Facilities availed)
Contribution by self (in
amount and kind)
Contribution by ULB
Rs. Other Rs. Other Rs. Other
5) a) Have you taken loan for the dwelling- Yes .................. No........................
5) b) What is the amount of your EMI - .................................
5) c) For how many years- ............................................
d) Is the amount of EMI – High......................... Moderate........................................
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56 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
e) What was the initial amount of EMI told to you before construction-...................................
6) Where were you settled during the time of construction of building -..........................................
7) What kind of constraints you faced there-
I. .................................................
II. ...................................................
III. ....................................................
8) a) What was the declared time for the completion of the dwelling-
b) When did you actually get it-
c) Were you consulted while the construction – Yes............... No..............
d) Are your concerns addressed- Yes..................... No...........................
9) Toilet Facility
a) Where did you use to go for defecation before implementation of the scheme-
I. Open –
II. Private Toilet
III. Community Toilet
b) Which facility you are availing now-
I. Private
II. Community-
III. Other-
10) Supply of water
a) What was the source of the water supply before the implementation of the programme-
I. Tap water at home
II. Community tap
III. Tube well
IV. Others-
b) What distance did you travel to get the water?
100m 200 m 300m > 300m
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57 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
c) What is the present source of your water supply-
I. Tap water
II. Tube well
III. Others-
IV. Duration of supply -
Morning (---- 1200hrs) Afternoon ( 1200-1700hrs) Evening ( 1700 hrs onwards)
11) Sewerage Facility
Are you able to avail the facility of sewerage system-
12) Electricity Supply
Duration of supply -
Morning (---- 1200hrs) Afternoon ( 1200-1700hrs) Evening ( 1700 hrs onwards)
13) a) Is their any scheme designed for the maintenance of the created infrastructure ?
Yes............................ No.................................
b) If yes then what is the mechanism ...................................................................
c) Will you pay if their is monthly maintenance cost? yes ...................... No................
d) What amount are you willing to pay for maintenance? .........................................
14) Occurrence of Disease/s
a) Has anyone in your family fallen ill in the last one year ? Yes No
b) Who had fallen ill ? 1.................................... 2.............................................
If yes then
c) What was the disease? a) Typhoid ........... b) Diarrhoea .................... c) malaria .................. d)
others .......................
d) What diseases occurred before the implementation of the scheme?
1........................................... 2...............................................
3............................................. 4...............................................
e) Has the frequency increased/ decreased in the last one year ? Yes........................ No............
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58 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
15) Medical Facility
a) Where did you use to go for availing medical facility before the implementation of scheme-
b) Where do you go for medical checkups now-
c) What are the facilities available there-
Medicine facility- Yes No
Availability of doctors- Yes No
Timely availability of doctors- Yes No
Paramedical Facility- Yes No
d) Is the hospital facility caters to your demand Yes No
e) Has there been any delivery in your family –
If yes then-
f) Where did it take place –
g) What are the facilities available post child birth-
18) Education Facility-
a) Is your child going school? Yes........................ No
b) Where is your child availing primary education –
c) What are the facilities available-?
d) Will you carry the education of child forward? Yes.................... No........................
e) What impact do you see on the child of your new house and campus?
1) .................................... 2) ............................................
3) ............................... 4) .............................................
19) Social Benefits-
a) What are the peer’s view of your new house ?
1........................................... 2..............................................
b) Has it increased your status in the society ? Yes...................... No..................
20) Capacity Building
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59 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
a) Has there been capacity building programme- Yes No
b) In what fields have they been commenced-
I. .................................
II. ..................................
III. ..............................
c) Has it increased your livelihood options- Yes No
d) What is the increase in the salary due to the programme? ......................................
21) Has the participation within the community increased after the construction of the dwelling?
Yes................................. No......................................
22) Expectations
e) Has the programme met your expectations Yes No
f) If no then Why?
1. .........................................
2. ..........................................
3. ..........................................
23) What are the things you liked most about the scheme-
a) Their Participation in decision making-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b) Government help in financing the house
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
c) Bureaucrats’ helpfulness
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d) Timely completion of the dwelling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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60 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
e) The loan scheme-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f) Construction of the house
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
g) Facilities available
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
h) Dignified living
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
i)EMI facility
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15) What are the benefits you derive from the dwelling-?
a) Rise in the standard of living
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b) +ve Impact on the children-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
c) Intruder’s free
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d) Decrease in crime rate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e) Decrease in alcoholism
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61 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f) No wet floor during rainy season
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
16) What factors you consider important for the success of the scheme-
a) Bureaucrat helpfulness
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b) Government financial support
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
c) Social support of the government-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d) Rate of EMI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e) Willingness of the beneficiary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f) Participation of the beneficiary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
g) Participation of women folk
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
h) Maintenance of the infrastructure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
i) Facilities made available-
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62 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
j) Increased source of income-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
17) What are the sources of your income?
1................................... 2...........................................
18) How many are earning members?
1......................................... 2............................................
19) What is the monthly income of the family? .........................................
20) What are the major sources of expenditure?
Item EMI Food Medical Education Transport Others 1 2 3
Amount
21) What is your monthly saving? ............................................................
22) Do you have any other source of finance for emergency apart from savings?
1.................................................. 2.............................................................
3.................................................. 4...............................................................
References-
A) Detailed project Report of the programmes under JNNURM.
B) City Development plan of the Bhopal City
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