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Immigrants and Precarious Employment,
Public Outreach Project
Overview of DataMeeting with Partners
Sept. 26, 2008
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Outline/Agenda
• Concept maps
• Measuring precarious work
• IPW over time
• Unpacking IPW over time
• Relationship between selected variables and IPW (for current job)
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Concept Map: Differential Social Inclusion
Social Inclusion
Immigration Status
Language/Accent
Human CapitalSocioeconomic Status
Pre-migration& Canada
Racialization and racism
Time in Canada
Government Policy
Social Networks
Neighbourhood
TransnationalCommitments
Family Household
GenderCivic
Engagementvolunteering
Income
Employment:Precarious?
Social Citizenship
use of services
Ethnic-racial identity
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Concept Map: Immigrants Precarious Work
Current Work
Networks
Pre-migration (T1) Early Settlement (T2) Current (T4)
Early Work
Pre-MigrationWork
Resources &Obligations
Strategies
1 Stable Job (T3)
Education; CivicEngagement;Volunteering
Class, education, social capital,
languagePersonalNetworks
InstitutionallyMediated Networks
Household composition,TN obligations
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Precarious Work
• Multi-dimensional
• Primary indicators - work based, terms of employment
• Secondary indicators, health
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Dimensions of Precarious Employment• Primary Indicators from literature
– Terms of employment (contract/subcontracting, not permanent, PT, tied to one employer, temp. agency)
– Self employment (“consultant,” small family business)– Stability, predictability (know schedule?) – Location of work (stable, shifting)– Form of payment (cash, check)– Basis for pay (salary, hourly, piece work)– Unionization– Benefits/coverage
• Secondary indicators• Dangerous, health impacts?• Opportunities for advancement?
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Our Index of Precarious Work (IPW)
• 4 points in time:– Pre-migration– First year - early settlement– First stable job
• Possible that FSJ = Job1
– Current job (job 1, job 2, job 3)
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First Stable Job and Current Job
IPW - 7 Variables
• Contract type (all except long term renewable & union)
• Work arrangement (not self-employed [small N] or ft/pt for employer)
• How found job (temp agency)• Place of work (R’s home/employer's home)• Basis for pay (for job/contract or piece work)• Form of payment (cash)• Schedule (changes by day/wk/mth)
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Early Work ExperienceIPW - 7 Variables
• Paid in cash (all or some of the time)
• Temporary, short term contract (yes)
• Temp agency (yes)
• Day labour (yes)
• Piece work (yes)
• Full time worker fixed hours (NO)
• Plan schedule week in advance (sometimes or never)
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Pre MigrationIPW - 5 Variables
• Union (no)
• Self-employed (yes)
• Opportunities for advancement (no)
• Could not support myself/family (agree/strongly agree)
• Could not find a job in my field (agree/strongly agree)
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IPW Distributions
Distributions of IPW
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pre Early FSJ Curr 1
Time
Count
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Current Job 1 IPW DistributionCurrent Job 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Male Female 1 English 2 Spanish Total
By Gender and Origin
Count
0
1
2
3
4
5
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IPW Means
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Pre-migration IPW
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IPW over time, total sample
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IPW over time, by region
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IPW over time: gender and region subgroups
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Unpacking the IPW over time
• Do the components of the IPW vary over time?
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Composition of IPW over time - stacked
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Composition of IPW over time - overall
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Immigrants & Precarious Work
• Precarious in early work experience
• Improves in FSJ, mixed outcomes for current job
• Origin differences sharper than by gender
• High precariousness for Caribbean men in early work
• Question: how important are terms of employment for precarious lives?
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Age and IPW - current job
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Occupation
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IPW - occupation & gender
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Occupations over time
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What happens to pre-migration professionals over time?
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IncomeHH Income by IPW (Current Job1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5
IPW
Count
1 Less than $10,000
2 $10,000 to less than$20,000
3 $20,000 to less than$30,000
4 $30,000 to less than$40,000
5 $40,000 to less than$50,000
6 $50,000 to less than$60,000
7 $60,000 to less than$80,000
8 $80,000 to less than$100,000
9 $100,000 to less than$125,000
10 $125,000 to less than$150,000
11 $150,000 to less than$200,000
12 More than $200,000
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Income - IPW means
Caribbean LA Total < 10,000 (N=23) 1.87 1.26 1.46 10- 19,999 (N=62) 1.57 1.25 1.38 20- 29,999 (N=59) 1.24 1.20 1.22 30- 39,999 (N=55) 1.29 1.00 1.12 40- 49,999 (N=34) 0.90 1.00 0.97 50- 59,999 (N=13) 1.45 0.50 1.30 60- 79,999 (N=16) 1.58 1.75 1.62 80-100,999 (N= 2) 1.50 - 1.50 10-125,999 (N= 1) 1.0 - 1.00 > 125,000 (N= 2) 4.0 4.0 4.0 Total (N=267) 1.37 1.18 1.28
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PW: strategies = resources and obligations + networks
• Resources and Obligations: – Education, entrance status, language– Household composition, TN family, remittances
• Personal & Institutional Networks:– Personal networks on arrival, over time– Institutional contact, advice, social service agencies
• Strategies: mobilization of resources & networks– Education, credential recognition, volunteering and
similar efforts in Canada
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Strategies -
• In what follows we present exploratory analysis regarding strategies. Note that work following the outline in slide 32 is underway.
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Strategy: education, training
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Strategies: education by origin
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Vwork - IPW by # hours
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Strategy: Vwork
Caribbean LA Total Told Vwork would help with immigration application
1.30 1.70 1.47
Neighborhood /community assoc
1.05 1.71 1.22
Sports assoc 1.20 1.66 1.29 Union (* low N) 1.16 2.20 1.39 Congregation 1.53 1.48 1.51
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Next steps…
• Continue analysis
• Compare to census data (Ornstein report, Gender and Work Database)
• Explore links with TIEDE project
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Next steps - today
• Community working group– Breakout groups to define audiences, media,
content, process
• Policy working group– Define priority issues, policies, campaigns
and timeline
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The rest of the presentation is under construction…