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IMGD 4000: Computer Graphics in Games
Emmanuel Agu
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Professor Background
Dr. Emmanuel Agu (professor, “Emmanuel”) Research areas
Computer Graphics (GPU rendering, mobile graphics, etc) wireless networking and mobile computing
Advise MQPs, MS and PhD theses
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Graphics Trends for Games
Hardware GPUs Powerful Programmable Geometry shaders
Capture Ray tracing
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Trend 1: Graphics Processing Unit
OpenGL and DirectX are one of most popular graphicslibraries
Current trend: Implement OpenGL, DirectX on a specialized chip(Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) on your graphics card
Initially, just hardcode graphics operations onto chip,increase speed
Powerful, inexpensive, Giga-FLOPS, huge arithmeticability!
Programmable: in recent 5 - 6 yearsNew operations just added. Possibility to apply to non-graphics application.
Increasing precision
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Computational Power
NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GX2 ($550) 1 Tera-FLOPs, 128 GB/sec memory bandwidth;
ATI Radeon HD 3870 X2 ($450) 1 TeraFLOPS
Dual-core 3.7 GHz Intel Pentium ExtremeEdition 965.(Around $800) 8.5 GB/sec and25.6 GFLOPS theoretical peak for the SSE units
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GPU Computational Power Growth
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Nvidia 8800
Block diagram of the GeForce 8800. Source: NVIDIA 681 million transistors 1.35GHz 128 stream processors
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Programmable GPU?
GPGPU: General-Purpose Computation on GPU. Non-graphics application
Programmable: hack non-graphics applications onto GPU Program applications as collection of shaders OR New GPGPU programming languages for non-graphics
people (Nvidia’s CUDA, AMD’s CAL, Rapidmind) GPGPU applications:
Physically based simulation: fluid Dynamics; Cloth simulation, Signal and Image Processing Medical imaging Database query/data mining Global illumination algorithms: Ray tracing, photon mapping
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Why are GPUs getting so fast?
Arithmetic intensity: use more transistors forcomputation and less for decision logic.
Economics: Demand is high thanks to multi-billion dollar game industry. More chips produced => lower price
AMD + ATI => Fusion chips….Cool idea?
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Geometry Shaders
New shader unit, can generate new vertices, primitivesfrom original set
Tesselation and simplification algorithms on GPU Real-time LoD management in game
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Computer Graphics in Games
Elements? Model geometry Apply colors, shading Shadows Texture mapping Fog Transparency and blending Anti-aliasing
Courtesy: Madden NFL game
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Trend 2: Capture
Old way: write models, equations to model: Object geometry, lighting (Phong), animation, etc
New way: capture parameters from real world Example: motion in most sports games (e.g.
NBA 2K live) is captured. How? Put sensors on actors Let them play game Capture their motion Put motion in a database Replay database when real players play game
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How is capture done?
Capture: Digitize real object geometry and attributes
Use cameras, computer vision techniques to capture rendering data
Place data in database, many people can re-use
Question: What is computer vision?
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Geometry Capture: 3D Scanning
Capturing geometry trend: Projects on precise 3Dscanning (Stanford, IBM,etc) produce very large polygonalmodels
Some models too large to be loaded by most machines
Model: David
Largest dataset Size: 2 billionpolygons, 7000 color images!! Courtesy: Stanford Michael
Angelo 3D scanning project
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Exactly What Can We Capture?1. Appearance (volume, scattering, transparency, translucency, etc)1. Appearance (volume, scattering, transparency, translucency, etc)
2. Geometry2. Geometry
3. Reflectance & Illumination3. Reflectance & Illumination4. Motion4. Motion
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Light Probes: Capturing light
Amazing graphics, High Dynamic Range?
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Why effort to capture?
Big question: If we can capture real worldparameters, what advantages does computergraphics have?
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Raytracing: A global illumination rendering Reflection / refraction / shadow
Trend 3: Raytracing in Games
object 1
object 2object 3
object 4