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Image Intensifier/CCD option for fiber readout
S. Manly (Rochester), R. Ransome (Rutgers)
Minerva collaboration meeting, FNAL, June 2003
Thanks to C.Walters, E.Kearns, M.Sakuda from K2K, B.Moore from Hamamatsu
Plots acquired from K2K papers (hep-ex/0206041, 0004024), Roper Scientific technical note #11, Hamamatsu Image Intensifier catalog, Roger Rusak/Ken Heller’s talk (ANL, April 2003)
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Used successfully in past for fiber trackers in HEP
K2K - 275K fibers
CHORUS - 1.2 million fibers
UA2 - 60K fibers
DONUT - 500K fibers
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From Roper Scientific
Image Intensifiers/CCDs
Hamamatsu
Gain is on the order of 103 to 104 per MCP stage
Microchannel plate
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From Roper Scientific
Image Intensifiers/CCDs
Many choices of configuration:
• Photocathode (size and material)
• number of MCP stages
• phosphor
• optical or fiberoptic taper to CCD (if needed)
• CCD vs. EB-CCD
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Simplest option, do as K2K did:
2 stage (1electrostatic, 1 MCP)
100 mm diameter photocathode
pack ~11,500 0.7 mm fibers/unit
P20 phosphor (slow, 1 ms decay)
(tracking only)
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Fiber packing and calibration: K2K
~11,500 fibers per unit
100 mm diam units, 0.7 mm fibers
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K2K pixel readout
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Discussions (Ransome) with Kearns,Walters, Sakuda, Moore
K2K happy with their system
IIT used by K2K no longer available
Camera used by K2K no longer available
Simplest option not available
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Discussions (Ransome) with Kearns,Walters, Sakuda, Moore
They suggest we consider:
C8600 intensifier (2-stage MCP)
good linearity
200 ns gate
can come with P47 fast decay phosphor
18 mm dia photocathode
~$28K per unit
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Phosphor choices
Hamamatsu
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Suggested camera
= C7190 Electron Bombardment CCD camera
Has gain, good linearity
expensive ($59K/unit)
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C7190 & C8600 combination
has ~108 gain
may be linear enough to get some pulse height info
fast enough to get some timing info (O(200 ns) gating and decay time with P47 phosphor)
has small photocathode diameter (will want demagnification stage in front)
costs $90K per unit
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C7190 & C8600 combination
go to cheaper camera? No gain, means need three stage IIT probably (unless 106 is enough)
How much demagnification can we get? How big are our fibers (.5 mm vs. 1.2 mm is a big difference)?
Current working cost estimate for 20K channels is $300K
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Transition from last stage to CCD: lens vs. fiber coupling
Fiber coupling is advised for low light uses
Need to look at cost/benefit for our system
Use such a taper for the front of our system?
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In the works ...
Sakuda says Hamamatsu is developing an IIT with the luminescent plate replaced by a CCD or a multi-pixel avalanche photodiode (MPAD) … called HPD
Expensive and under development.
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Understand post CCD readout - digitized signal comes from the camera, full readout at 4-7 Hz
Phosphor tradeoffs?
MCP lifetime (CHORUS replaced ~3% MCP’s every 6 months)
Camera vs. 3-stage IIT tradeoff
Demagnification limitations
Still much to think about ...