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"If everyone of us would sweep their own doorstep, the whole world would be clean.”
Mahatma Gandhi
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Architect, LCAssesor, Environmental Consultant, MSc in Renewable Energy Author: Giulia Sonetti
International School of Energy
I course
Varenna, 1° of August 2012
Energy and Architecture: an overview, a case study
and some suggestions
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Prelude: facts & figures
LCA methodology in evaluating energy consuption: aim
LCA for retrofitting: case study
Results and Evaluation
Conclusions
Energy and Architecture: Structure of the presentation
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Energy and Architecture: Facts&Figures
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Energy and Architecture: Facts&Figures
Buildings account for a 20-40% of the total
final energy consumption
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Energy and Architecture: Facts&Figures
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Energy and Architecture: Facts&Figures
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Energy and Architecture: Facts&Figures
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Energy and Architecture: Facts&Figures
Table 8: Share-out of the real estate stock for offices in north, centre and south Italy. On the horizontal axis, 5 ages of construction characterized by homogeneous manufacturing. Source: ENEA Report RSE / 2009 / 164.
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LCA in Energy consumption analysis in Architecture: Aim
Chooses retrofit alternatives
With the lower environmental impact
But also convenient from an
economic and social point of view
Gives tools to all stakeholders (architects, policy-makers, industries, energy companies, users) for a truly
sustainable building design and use
Building environmental impact is today a prime objective in energy policies. Offices can be the prime target to apply modern energy saving technologies to a wide range of central controlled buildings. In Italy, the majority of the offices is housed in old, energy-leaking buildings. Retrofitting them sometimes can be unconvenient and expensive, but how can we assess the correct intervention towards a so complex problem and a so huge real estate stock?
LCA …
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Recover
Recycle
Re-use
Disposal
source: SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemestry), 1999
Raw material extraction
Transport to factory
Production
Transport to site
Construction Use and
Maintenance
Demolition
“Life Cycle Assessment is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment; to assess the impact of those energy and materials used
and releases to the environment; and to identify and evaluate opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process or activity, encompassing, extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing,
transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal".
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IMPACT 2002+
Human Health [DALY]
Ecosistem Quality [PDFm2yr]
Climate change [ kgeq CO2 into air]
Aquatic ecotoxicity [kg TEG water] Terrestrial ecotoxicity [kg TEG soil] Terrestrial acid/nutri [kg SO2] Land occupation [m2org.arable] Aquatic acidification [kg SO2] Aquatic eutrophication [kg PO4-Plim]
Global warming [kg CO2]
DALY PDFm2yr MJSurplus
Normalization Evalution
ECO-Points (Pt)
Characterization
Resources [ MJ Surplus]
Non-renewable energy [MJ primary] Mineral extraction [MJ surplus]
Human toxicity Respiratory inorganics [kg PM2.5] Respiratory organics [kg ethylene] Ionizing radiation [Bq C-144] Ozone layer depletion [CFC-11]
Imact 2002+: an LCA assessment method
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Case-study: Da Vinci
School Builiding in
Salerno, IT
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Retrofit design hypotheses
External wall
Hp1: Ventilated façade with terracotta tiles
Hp2: EPS coat with fibrocement slab
Hp3: Current wall (tuff stone)
Roof
Hp1: Green roof
Hp2: Rockwool slab with gravel
Hp3: Current roof (concrete slab with bitouminous layer)
Ground floor
Hp1: PVC igloo with air gap
Hp2: Current floor (concrete slab)
Metal frame window
Hp1: aluminuim frame window with double glaze
Hp2: current single glazed iron frame window
Wood frame window
Hp1: wood frame window with double glaze
Hp2: current single glazed wood frame window
Heat generator
Hp1: Heat pump
Hp2: Current boiler
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Example: 1mq funcional unit of the External Wall
U.F.: 1mq of Ventilated façade with rock wool insulation and terracotta tiles supported by
aluminium sub-structure
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Example: 1mq funcional unit of the External Wall
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IMPACT
0,19939 Pt
0.12048 Pt 0.12685 Pt
Human Health
Ecosistem quality
Climate Change
-8.72%
-46,42% -4.07%
EW1 = - 39.57% than current wall.
Resources -50.39%
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Environmental convenience of the retrofit: the inequality
LCAnon-r > LCAr
LCAnon-r – LCAr = Environmental Advantage from the retrofit
70 years building life time
Retrofit scenario damages
Non-intervention scenario damages
LCA(B)1+ LCA(P)1 > LCA (B)2 + LCA (P)2 + LCA (NewMat)2
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Non-intervention damage
Retrofit damage
Main dangerous emissions: Cadmium, NMVOC, Sulfur dioxide, Carbon dioxide, Particulates, Nickel, Gas natural
Main responsible processess: Electricity, low voltage, at grid/it, Foaming, expanding, Float Glass Coated
Sources: Heat pump, EPS and glass manufacturing processes.
Characterization _ Eco-Ind. Environmental convenience
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Damage assesment _ Eco-Ind.
+ 0.2149 DALY
-1.258E6 MJS
Environmental convenience
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Weighting _ Eco-Ind. Environmental convenience
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Environmental convenience
Retrofit environmental advantage: 63187 EcoPt.
+ 7.33% Human Health damage, + 4.15% Ecosystem Quality damage, - 111.49% Resource damage thanks to the less energy consumption.
Single score _ Eco-Ind.
Non-intervention damage
Retrofit damage
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The sustainability issue
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The social side of the retrofit Quality of urban environmnet
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The social side of the retrofit Quality of urban environmnet
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The social side of the intervention Quality of urban environmnet
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Conclusions
_LCA analysis conclusions
- Retrofitting the old is environmentally far more convenient than building new stuff
- Smart and conscientious design is crucial, both in new and old building
- Environmental policies have to support personal responsibility in helping the environment
- Energy consumption during the use phase is far more important than the energy in production and end of life phases.
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Conclusions
_General conclusions: we need…
-A multidisciplinary approach to such complex system like a building with its users
-Establish a scientific definition of abused attributes such as "eco-friendly", “sustainable”, and “eco-compatible”
-Use LCA evaluation methodology to increase environmental impact awareness since the very first step of building design
-An Holistic approach along the entire building process
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Revivalists Environmentally responsive Traditional architecture methods and shapes
Progressives
Buildings rely on hi tech to achieve energy goals
Hybrid approach
passive strategies + efficient systems
i.e. learning from the
environmentally responsive principles of traditional
architecture without excluding the help of modern technologies
Conclusions
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Environmental analysis on building site and parametric studies
Site Analysis Activity Rate 2 met,
Clothing 0.75 clo.
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Thermodynamic simulation steady state – dynamic models
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Fluidodynamic simulation at building / urban scales
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Conclusions
The importance of the USER,
i.e. environmental education for children, wise energy awareness campaign, scientist understandment of people, etc.
The importance of caring about LOCAL HEATING more than global warming,
i.e. reviving our grandparent's tips to use natural ventilation, shadowing systems, one more wool jacket in winter, etc.
The importance of SAVING ENERGY: the avoided one is always the cheapest and cleanest energy source!
i.e. recycle, reuse, insulate your home, Cut back unnecessary energy use, buy local, go by bike, enjoy doing it!
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Contact details:
Thank you