INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
IEA Activities
in
Cleaner Fossil Fuels
Sankar Bhattacharya, PhDEnergy Technology Collaboration Division
International Energy Agency, Paris
IEA Day
COP 14Poznan, Poland, 9 December 2008
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Global database – IEA CCC
Report on efficiency
reconciliation – IEA CIAB
Case studies on recently
constructed coal and gas-fired
plants
Prospects of upgrades and
replacement
Developments in coal-fired
power generation – potential for
higher efficiencies
Case studies on recently
constructed supercritical or ultra-
supercritical coal-fired units
Assessment of full coal process
chain for efficiency improvement in
power generation
Discussion paper – policies
required to facilitate upgrading
older coal-fired plants in G8 + 5
countries
© OECD/IEA 2008
Cleaner Fossil Fuels
Largely based on coal-fired plants
Covers both technical and policy aspects
Based on G8 – Gleneagles and Heiligendamm mandate
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
© OECD/IEA 2008
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year
TW
h
Other
Hydro
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Coal
Role of Coal in Power Generation
• coal’s demand for power generation
has grown over the years
• its importance set to continue to
2030 and beyond
• significant proportion of power
generation in several countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pola
nd
South
Afric
a
Aust
ralia
PR C
hina
Kaz
akhst
an
India
Ser
bia
Cze
ch R
epublic
Gre
ece
USA
Ger
man
y
Den
mar
k
Bulg
aria
Indones
ia
Port
ugal UK
Kore
a
Chin
ese
Taipei
Spai
n
Japan
Turkey
Russ
ia
Worl
d
Sh
are
of
co
al-
fire
d p
lan
ts i
n p
ow
er
ge
ne
rati
on
, %
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
• Information on efficiency, emissions, costs, construction time and ash use of
current state-of-the art coal-fired power stations in major coal using countries
Report: Case Studies on Recently Constructed Plants
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Case Studies – Selected Plants
Nordjylland- Denmark, 400 MW
USC, innovative cycle design
Bituminous coals, FGD, SCR
Cold sea water cooling
45.3% HHV efficiency
Isogo - Japan, 600 MW
USC, High Cr material
Bituminous coals, S & SCR
Warm sea water cooling
Hg control, 40.6% HHV efficiency
Niederaussem- Germany, 1000 MW
SC, High Cr material
High moisture lignite, FGD
Water cooling
NOx control, 37% HHV efficiency
Genesee - Canada, 450 MW
SC, Sliding pressure
Sub-bituminous coals, SOx & NOx
Cooling pond
Hg control, 39.6% HHV efficiency
Younghung - Korea, 800 MW
SC, tower type boiler
bituminous coals, SOx & SCR
Warm sea water cooling
39.7% HHV efficiency
Wangqu - China, 600 MW
First SC, 2-pass boiler
Chinese lean coal, FGD
Cooling tower
40% HHV efficiency
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Country specific analysis - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany,
India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, UK, USA
The likely number of units and capacities that might require upgrade or
replacement to bring them at par with benchmark
Necessary investments
Barriers to such upgrading or replacements
Policy measures required to overcome the barriers
Potential reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions from such
upgrading or replacement
Policy recommendations
Acknowledgement: IEA CCC database, World Energy Council, NETL database, IEAGHG CO2
emissions database, Australian Greenhouse Office, EGAT, VGB publications, EU-IPPC, prior
work by DTI and Dutch government/KPMG/Jacobs, and information sourced from Utilities and
standard organizations in the target countries
Report: Prospects of upgrades and replacement of
coal-fired plants in major coal using economies
© OECD/IEA 2008
A bottom-up approach to calculate country-specific efficiencies
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-Fired Units
Worldwide
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
≤10 Years 11-20 Years 21-25 Years 26-30 Years 31-40 Years >40 Years
Age of Units
To
tal in
stalled
cap
acit
y, M
We >50 0 M W e
4 0 1- 50 0 M W e
3 0 1- 4 0 0 M W e
2 0 1- 3 0 0 M W e
10 1- 2 0 0 M W e
≤10 0 M W e
Age of the coal-fired fleet…….
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-Fired Units in China
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0-100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe >500 MWe
Size of Units (MWe)
To
tal
Cap
acit
y (
MW
e)
?10 Years
11-20 Years
21-30 Years
31-40 Years
>40 Years
Unknown age
end 2004 – 310,000 MW
end 2005 – 391,000 MW
end 2006 – 484, 000 MW
end 2007 ~ 540,000 MW
May 2008
Total coal-fired
end 2004 – 13200 MW
end 2006 – 31780 MW
Super-critical
end 2009 – 48,500 MW
SC under construction
end 2015 – 114,000 MW
SC Planned
… sample observations - China
Largest USC 1000 MW units
operational in 2007• Seven such units
• Sliding pressure units
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Potential efficiency improvements
CO2 emission reduction…..savings in coal consumption……
Emission growth is slowing……
… sample observations – China continued
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Work ongoing…..
… sample observations – India
Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-fired units in India
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
≤100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe >500 MWe
Size of units (MWe)
To
tal C
ap
ac
ity
(M
We
)
≤10 Years
11-20 Years
21-30 Years
31-40 Years
>40 Years
Efficiency, Size and Age of operating units
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
≤100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe
Size of units, MWe
Op
era
tin
g u
nit
eff
icie
nc
y, H
HV
, n
et ≤10 Years
11-20 Years
21-30 Years
31-40 Years
>40 Years
• 70 GW coal-fired in 2004
• all sub-critical
• Average efficiency just over 26% in 2004
• improving with new refurbishments under
progress and
• the first supercritical units commissioned
• improve further with the new ultra-mega
projects (600 and 800 MW units in 4000
MW stations
• coal quality and temperate climate
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
… sample observations- USA
Age distribution of US coal-fired power plants
>40 Years
28%
31-40 Years
36%
21-30 Years
29%
11-20 Years
5%
≤10 Years
2%
Total – ~325000 MW
~80% of the fleet sub-critical
>60% of the fleet over 30 years old
~20% of the fleet ≤ 200 MW unit size
Efficiency, Age and Operating Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
≤100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe >500 MWe
Size of Units, MWe
Un
it e
ffic
ien
cy
, H
HV
, n
et
≤10 Years
11-20 Years
21-30 Years
31-40 Years
>40 Years
154 GW new planned by 2030
~100 GW of 500 MW units© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Work ongoing…..
… sample observations – Japan
Efficiency, Age and Size of operating units in Japan
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
≤100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe >500 MWe
Size of units, MWe
Op
era
tin
g e
ffic
ien
cy
(H
HV
, n
et)
≤10 Years
11-20 Years
21-30 Years
31-40 Years
>40 Years
Age distribution of coal-fired power plants in Japan
>40 Years
5%
31-40 Years
6%
Unknown age
5%
21-30 Years
14%11-20 Years
26%
≤10 Years
44%
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
As of 2004…
© OECD/IEA 2008
• ~50% of the operating fleet - >25 years age, ≤300MWe unit size
• >80% of the operating fleet – sub-critical units
• average operating efficiency ~28.4%, HHV, net
Currently available supercritical technology operates around 40% or higher
efficiency depending on coal quality and ambient conditions
Efficiency improving…. – where new plants are being commissioned
new plants being planned – China, USA, India
Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-Fired Units
Worldwide
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
≤10 Years 11-20 Years 21-25 Years 26-30 Years 31-40 Years >40 Years
Age of Units
To
tal in
stalled
cap
acit
y, M
We >50 0 M W e
4 0 1- 50 0 M W e
3 0 1- 4 0 0 M W e
2 0 1- 3 0 0 M W e
10 1- 2 0 0 M W e
≤10 0 M W e
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
… indications
• coal-fired power and CHP plants worldwide account for ~25% of total CO2
production
• ~7.5 billion ton/annum of CO2 emission in 2005
© OECD/IEA 2008
• replacement “potential” - ~300 GW
these are all sub-critical, ≤ 300 MWe unit size, ≥ 25 years age, efficiency 15-30%,
HHV, net, located in all major coal-using countries
• upgrade “potential” - up to 200 GW
these are all sub-critical, ≤ 300 MWe unit size, 15-25 years age, efficiency ≤30%,
HHV, net, located in all major coal-using countries
• globally 1.35 - 1.7 billion ton/annum of CO2 reduction possible by moving to current
state of the art pc-plants – through replacement/upgrade as above, improved plant
operation and coal beneficiation
in excess of 0.5 billion ton/annum of reduction in coal consumption
higher reduction with possible improvement in higher steam conditions plant –
ongoing R&D requires to be accelerated
• replacement or upgrade of some units under progress or already planned
depend on country-specific supply-demand situation
will require plant-specific techno-economic assessment
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Scope of work
Summary of recent and ongoing developments in process technology
Sub-critical, super-critical and ultra-supercritical pf technology
Materials developments for high steam conditions
Developments in oxy-firing
Developments in circulating fluidized bed combustion
Developments in drying of high-moisture lignites
Summary of developments in equipment used in coal-fired generation
Summary of developments in instrumentation and control
Prospects of using these developments as retrofit or replacement in existing coal-fired units in the next decade
Potential of efficiency improvements from using these developments
Efficiency reconciliation methodology - IEACIAB
Report: Developments in coal-fired power
generation – potential for higher efficiencies
© OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Impetus for Efficiency improvement
major and immediate effect on reduction of CO2 emission
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Net, HHV, efficiency, %
CO
2 r
ed
ucti
on
, %
1% point efficiency gain > 2.5% point CO2 reduction © OECD/IEA 2008
Current sub-critical state-of-the-artCurrent SC state-of-the-art Future USC state-of-the-art
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Efficiency improvement - developments
165 bar/538C/538C
238 bar/565C/565C – 39%
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y
%HHV
net
Steam temperature, C
35
48
550 600 650 700 750
238 bar/600C/600C – >41%
375 bar/700C/700C – >45%
European R&D
375 bar/760C/760C – >48%
DOE/EPRI R&D
Lignite drying – WTA
2-4% point efficiency gain
©OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Recommendations to G8- Hokkaido
12 recommendations in the following areas:
Requirements for newly-built units
Replacement or upgrading of older units
Incentives for replacement and upgrading
Development and diffusion of advanced technologies
Plant maintenance and coal quality control
Use of Coal beneficiation and cogeneration for efficiency
improvement
Best Practice in plant operation
Training of plant personnel and plant manufacturers
Need for quality statistics
Renovation of electricity grids
© OECD/IEA 2008 available at: http://www.iea.org/G8/2008/G8_Towards_Sustainable_Future.pdf
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Other forthcoming Publications
©OECD/IEA 2008
Case studies on recently constructed highly-efficient supercritical
or ultra-supercritical coal-fired units• Australia, China, Denmark, Germany, India, Japan, Poland, USA
• technical and cost information
• policies that facilitated their construction
By the G8 summit in Italy, 2009
Assessment of full coal process chain for efficiency improvement in power
generation• from mining, coal preparation, boiler and turbine development to ash use
What is required to facilitate upgrading older coal-fired plants in G8 + 5
countries
• regulatory policies, financial incentives and technical issues
• through questionnaire surveys in these countries
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Publications in Cleaner Fossil Fuels
©OECD/IEA 2008
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
© OECD/IEA 2008
Thank You