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Ashish Kothari
Kalpavriksh and ICCA Consortium
ICCAs & Aichi Targets:Contribution of Indigenous Peoples’ and Community Conserved Territories and Areas to the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
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Indigenous peoples’ and local community conserved
territories and areas (ICCAs):
Natural and modified ecosystems with significant biodiversity,
ecological functions and cultural values…voluntarily conserved by indigenous peoples and local communities through customary laws
or other effective means
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sacred natural sites …
Sacred lake, Indian Himalaya © Pankaj Sekhsaria
Chizire sacred forest, Zimbabwe
Sacred bolon in Kawawana, Senegal © Christian Chatelain
The global diversity of ICCAs includes ...
Sacred hill tops, Tibet, China
© Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend
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Traditional heronry, KokareBellure, India © Ashish Kothari
Demoiselle cranes, Kheechan village, India © Asad Rahmani
Wildlife habitats
(nesting, roosting, feeding)
Indigenous ranger at Mapoonrescuing sea turtle, Australia© Craig Wheeler
Community-protected Markhor atTorgarh, Pakistan © Tahir Rasheed
Slender loris, Nagavali villages, India © Ashish Kothari
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Indigenous territories and biocultural landscapes/seascapes …
Mandingalbay Yidinji Indigenous Protected Area, Australia © Cairns Post
Skeena River in Gixtsanterritory,
Canada© Francois
Depey
TCO Isoso, Bolivia© Carmen E. Miranda L.
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territories and migration routes of nomadic herders and mobile Indigenous peoples …
Shahsavan peoples’ territory, Iran
(Courtesy CENESTA)
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sustainably used wetlands,coastal and marine areas …
Lubuk Larangan river, Mandailing, Sumatra
Coron Island, Tagbanwa Ancestral Domain, Philippines © Ashish Kothari
KawawanaICCA,Senegal
Waya Island, Fiji (Locally
Managed Marine
Area)© Stacy Jupiter
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sustainably used terrestrial
ecosystems …
(biomass, medicinal plants, timber and non-timber forest products)
Himalayan forest, Jardhargaon, India© Ashish Kothari
Community forests and lake,Rupataal, Nepal© Ashish Kothari
Parc Jurassien Vaudois,Switzerland
Qanats, Central Asia
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Hundreds of thousands of ICCAs (most undocumented and unrecognised)
No overall figure of extent, but could be as large as official protected areas (10-15% of earth)
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ICCAs are the world’s best bet to meet several Aichi Targets
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ICCAs involve processs in which Indigenous peoples and local communities integrate biodiversity, culture, adaptive knowledge systems, livelihoods, and governance…
STRATEGIC GOAL AAddress the underlying causes of biodiversity loss
by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society
Target 1: Awareness, valuesTarget 2: Integration with poverty, livelihood, development programmesTarget 3: Incentives Target 4: Sustainable production and consumption
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ICCAs reduce or eliminate direct internal and external pressureson biodiversity…
STRATEGIC GOAL BReduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
Target 5: Reduce loss of habitatsTargets 6,7: Sustainable fisheries, agriculture, aquaculture, forestryTarget 8, 9: Tackle pollution and invasive species
Target 10: Coral reefs and vulnerable ecosystems
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ICCAs contribute tremendously to conservation of biodiversity and wildlife, even when the primary objectives are different…
STRATEGIC GOAL CTo improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding
ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
Target 11: Protected areas & other effective conservation measures Target 12: Preventing extinctions Target 13: Genetic diversity (domesticated, wild relatives)
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Communities have a vested interest in maintaining, reviving and enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem functions…
STRATEGIC GOAL DEnhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services
Target 14: Ecosystem services Target 15: Climate resilience Target 16: Access and benefit-sharing
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Localised institutions for natural resource stewardship, governance and management rely on sophisticated knowledge systems…
STRATEGIC GOAL EEnhance implementation through participatory planning,
knowledge management and capacity building
Target 17: NBSAPSTargets 18,19: Knowledge, science and technology (including traditional)Target 20: Resources
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ICCAs already contribute much to the achievement of the Aichi Targets,
and could contribute even more with appropriate recognition
and support
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Threats and challenges
• Lack recognition in law and policy
• Threats by extractive industry, monocultures, militarisation, commodification, climate change
• Top-down, exclusionary conservation policies
• Cultural and demographic change
• Social, economic, political inequities
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territorial / tenurial rights
customary governance
knowledge, practices
documentation, assessments
resisting threats
Social, economic, livelihood
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Good News: Progress in Legal Recognition
Multiple references to ICCAs in CBD Decisions and IUCN Resolutions
RRI (2012): Forests under community ownership/management, up from 10 to 15% in last decade
Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Australia: Indigenous territories designated
Philippines: Ancestral Domain titles to many Indigenous territories
India: Community Forest Rights (including use/management)
Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania: community forests and/or conservancies, with full management and use control
Fiji: recognition of Locally Managed Marine Areas (100% of country’s marine protected area system)
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Key R
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