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I. Perceptual Organization
Overview•Introduction (Gestalt)
•A. Form Perception•B. Depth Perception•C. Motion Perception•D. Perceptual Constancy
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Introduction
_____________ “form” or “whole” • Field of psychology that emphasizes our
tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
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A. Form Perception
• _____________________: organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
A reversible figure-ground illustration
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A. Form Perception
• _______________– the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
– Proximity
– Similarity
– Continuity
– Connectedness
– Closure
We bring order & form to basic perceptionsWe bring order & form to basic perceptions
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B. Depth Perception• Depth perception: ability to see objects in three
dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional
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B. Depth PerceptionBinocular Cues
• How do we see depth?–We respond to cues
• Binocular cues or Monocular Cues –Retinal disparity
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B. Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues
• Monocular cues1. Relative height
2. Relative size
3. Interposition
4. Linear perspective
5. Relative motion
6. Light and shadow
Page 155- Read the caption & be able to explain in your own words.
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C. Motion Perception
• Stroboscopic movement- a rapid series of slightly varying images perceived as movement – Film
• Phi phenomenon- an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. Example
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D. Perceptual Constancy
• Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change– Shape Constancy– Size Constancy– Lightness Constancy– Color Constancy
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Perceptual ConstancyShape and Size Constancies
• Shape constancy
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Perceptual ConstancyShape and Size Constancies
• Size constancy- we perceive object as having a constant size even when our distance from them varies – This interplay between perceived size and
perceived distance helps explain several well-known illusions
• Moon illusion
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Perceptual ConstancyLightness Constancy
• Lightness constancy (aka Brightness constancy)
–We perceive constant lightness even when illumination varies
–Relative luminance
• Relative to objects
around it
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Perceptual ConstancyColor Constancy
• Color constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.– Surrounding
context– Surrounding
objects
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II. Perceptual InterpretationA.Sensory Deprivation & Restored VisionB.Sensory AdaptationC.Perceptual SetD.Perception as Biopsychosocial
Phenomenon
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A. Sensory Deprivation & Restored Vision
• Experiments on sensory deprivation–Critical period
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B. Perceptual Adaptation
• Perceptual adaptation– in vision, the ability to adjust
to an artificially displaced or
even inverted visual field.
– Displacement goggles
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C. Perceptual Set• Perceptual set: a mental disposition
to perceive one thing and not another– Mental predisposition
• the readiness to interpret a stimulus in a certain way
– Schemas
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C. Perceptual SetContext Effects
• Context effects
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C. Perceptual SetEmotion and Motivation
• Motivation on perception
• Emotions on perception
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D. Perception is a Biopsychosocial Phenomenon
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Is There Extrasensory Perception?
Parapsychology
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Claims of ESP• Parapsychology
– study of paranormal phenomena, includes ESP & psychokinesis (PK).
• Extrasensory Perception– the controversial claim that perception can
occur apart from sensory input• Telepathy• Clairvoyance• Precognition