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I. Nationalism & the Unification of Germany & Italy
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B. Nationalism & Liberalism
1. Until 1860s: nationalism associated w/ liberalism
2. After Social Revolutions of 1848 conservative political leaders built national identity through:
– public education– universal military service– colonial conquests
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A. Nationalism before 1871
1. Language usually created national unity, but…
– language & citizenship rarely coincided– redraw boundaries of states to accommodate
culture?
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C. The Unification of Italy (1860–1870)
1. By mid-19th c.: popular sentiment for unification
– opposed by Pope & Austria
2. Austrians pushed out of n. Italy
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4. united Kingdom of Italy (1860):
– headed by Victor Emmanuel
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D. The Unification of Germany
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German Unification
1. Until 1860s German-speaking people split into:
– 39 smaller states– western half of Austrian Empire – Prussia
2. Prussia took lead in German unity movement:
– had a strong industrial base – modern army equipped latest military technology
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E. Otto von Bismarck1. During reign of Kaiser Wilhelm
I (r. 1861–88), Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck achieved final unification of Germany through:
– Diplomacy (Realpolitik)– Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria, Italy
Wilhelm I
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When Wilhelm I of Prussia became Kaiser of Germany...
the Second Reich began.
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Bismarck’s Eisen und Blut (“Iron & Blood”)
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F. Nationalism after 1871
1. After Franco-Prussian War: all politicians manipulated public opinion to bolster their governments
2. Used the press & public education in order to foster nationalistic loyalties
3. Nationalism used to justify imposition of majority language, religion, or customs
– Russians “Russify” its diverse ethnic populations
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Describe the role of nationalism (both liberal & conservative) in the creation of Germany before & after 1871.
#1. Thesis Writing Exercise
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G. Justification of Imperial Conquest
1. Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) took up Charles Darwin’s ideas of “natural selection”:
- applied to human societies- Social Darwinism- justified European conquest as “survival of the fittest”
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II. The Great Powers of Europe, II. The Great Powers of Europe, 1871–19001871–1900
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A. Germany at the Center of Europe
1. Under Bismarck, international relations revolved around Germany isolating France
2. Domestically, Germany used populism to:
– gain popular support – develop a strong sense of national
unity– Kaiser Wilhelm II (r. 1888–1918)
placed emphasis on acquiring colonies
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B. The “Liberal Powers”
France: – now a 2nd-rate power in Europe– slower rate of industrialization
Great Britain:
– stable government– enormously expensive empire – “Eastern Problem” of Ottomans– ignored Germany while preoccupied w/ Russia
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C. Problems in Russia
1. Ethnic diversity in Russia:
– spread of Russian nationalism & language divisive– riots targeting Jews: pogroms
2. Tsar Alexander II (1861) “emancipated” serfs…but serfs turned into communal farmers
3. Russian loss in Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
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Tsar Alexander II
Tsar Alexander III
Tsar Nicholas II
a constitution & parliament (Duma)
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If the German, British, & French peoples were strengthened by the forces of nationalism, why did nationalism weaken Russia & Austria-Hungary?
#2. Thesis Writing Exercise
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II. New Technologies & the World Economy
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A. Railroads1. 1850-1900 railroads in:
– Britain – France– Germany – Canada– Russia – Japan– United States
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B. Steamships1. Technological developments increased size & speed
of ocean-going vessels:
– use of iron & steel for hulls– propellers– efficient engines
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C. Telegraph Cables
1. system of submarine telegraph cables developed
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D. Steel
1. inventions 18th-19th C. allowed production of large quantities of steel at low cost
Illinois Steel Works in Joliet
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Blue Steel
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E. The Chemical Industry1. 1800s brought large-scale manufacture of:
– chemicals– synthetic dyes– PLASTICS!
2. Germany: gov’t-funded research & universities working w/ industries
– German chemical & explosives industries most advanced
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F. Electricity
1. Electricity used to power:
– lamps, streetcars, subways, electric motors
– created huge demand for copper
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G. World Trade & Freight1. 1850-1913:
– world trade expanded x10– cost of freight dropped 50-95%
2. Growth of trade between industrial economies:
– Western Europe & N. America prospered
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H. Non-Industrial Areas1. Undeveloped regions:
– dependant on the export of raw materials
2. Until WW I, exports from tropical regions high...
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#1. Thesis Writing Exercise
What types of technologies changed over time, allowing European powers to build global empires?
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II. Population Changes
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A. Population & Migration
1. 1850-1914: European population explosion
2. Emigration from Europe to:
– U.S. – Canada– Australia – New Zealand– Argentina
3. “European” descent in world: 1/5 to 1/3
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Total # of Emigrants 1820-1920
Country of Emigrants Total #
Germany 5,500,000
Ireland 4,400,000
Italy 4,190,000
Russia 3,250,000
England 1,500,000
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1820-1879
1880-1919
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B. Why the increase?
– decrease in death rate– improved crop yields– grain from N. America– year-round diet from canning & refrigeration– urbanization
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#2. Thesis Writing Exercise
What were the leading causes of population growth during the late 1800’s?
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III. Middle-Class Women
The “Separate Sphere”
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A. The Victorian Age
1. during reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901): – ideology of family structure– rules of behavior between men & women
2. men & women thought to belong in “separate spheres”:
− men in workplace, women at home
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A woman’s work is never done…1. pre-electrical appliances: middle-class home demanded
lots of work
− 19th-c. tech: eliminated some tasks
2. primary duty: childbearing & raise a family
3. Gender discrimination: women excluded from most jobs − lack of opportunities pushed many women to volunteer
activities or join the suffrage movement
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#3. Thesis Writing Exercise
Describe some of the changes and continuities experienced by women during the 1800s.
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IV. Socialism & Labor Movements
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A. Socialism
1. Intellectual movement started by:
− Karl Marx (1818–83) & Friedrich Engels (1820–95)
− both wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848)
Karl Marx
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The Ideas of Marx
1. Marx saw history as a social class war between…
− capitalists (bourgeoisie) & workers (proletariat)
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TODAY…China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, & North Korea
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#4. Thesis Writing Exercise
What were some of the social and economic conditions during the 1800s that led to the rise of Socialism & Communism?