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“I am a brain, Watson. The rest of me is a mere appendix.”
― Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone
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NEUROANATOMYThe Form of the Brain
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Directional terms
posteriormedial
lateral
superior
inferioranterior
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• Skin• Periosteum = leathery covering of cranial bones
• Cranium = bone w/fixed joints
• Meninges
Protecting The Brain
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• Dura mater = tough fibrous tissue covering the brain.• Contains blood vessels that nourish the brain.• Holds in the cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF)
• Arachnoid Space • Pia mater
Meninges
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Sub- v. Epidural Hematomas
• Epidural = Inflammation between dura and skull
• Subdural = between arachnoid space and dura
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Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF)
• CSF = plasma ultrafiltrate that bathes and protects the CNS.
• Produced by the choroid plexus (tissue in the lateral ventricles & 4th ventricle)
• Hydrocephalus = Inflammation resulting from obstruction of the aqueduct connecting the third & fourth ventricles
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Major Regions of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
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Cerebral Cortex
• The outer layer of grey matter of the cerebrum
• Grey matter consists of soma (cell bodies)and unmyelinated axons
• White matter consists of myelinated axons
Cerebral Cortex
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Axons
Soma
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Cerebral Topography
• Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain• Cingulate Gyrus – Just above the corpus callossum
• Sulci – Small grooves dividing the gyri• Central Sulcus – Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Lobe
• Fissures – Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain• Longitudinal Fissure – Divides the two Cerebral Hemispheres• Transverse Fissure – Separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum• Sylvian/Lateral Fissure – Divides the Temporal Lobe from the Frontal
and Parietal Lobes
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Longitudinal Fissure
Transverse Fissure
Sylvian/Lateral Fissure
Central Sulcus
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif
Specific Sulci/Fissures:
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Cerebral Lobes
• Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Occipital
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Frontal Lobe• The frontal lobe is located deep to the frontal bone.
• Functions/actions:• Memory formation• Emotions• Decision Making/Reasoning• Personality
• Generally, the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body
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Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus
Broca’s Area
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Olfactory Bulb
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Frontal Lobe – Cortical Regions
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• Controls movements of the body
• Betz cells alpha motor neurons (spinal cord) muscle fibers
• The motor cortex contains a rough “map” of the body, with controls for the toes (top) to the mouth (bottom) in overlapping regions
Primary Motor Cortex
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Motor Homunculus• Proportional model of organs to density of neural tissue devoted to said muscle/structure
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Broca’s v. Wernicke’s Area
• BROCA =Located on the right frontal lobe
• Controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension
• WERNICKE = located on left temporal lobe
• Controls content of speech and language development
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Orbitofrontal Cortex
• One of the least explored and understood regions of the cerebral cortex
• Located just above the orbits (eye sockets), in the frontal lobe
• Involved in adaptive learning and “personality” of an individual
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Phineas Gage
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Olfactory Bulb
• The most rostral (forward) part of the brain in most vertebrates, but is on the inferior side of the brain in humans
• Olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity receive the smells, and transmit them to the brain
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Parietal Lobe
• Where? The parietal lobe of the brain is located deep to the parietal bone of the skull
• What Functions?• Sensory Integration• Proprioception: aware- ness of body/body parts in space and in relation to each other)
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus
Primary Gustatory Cortex
Somatosensory Association Cortex
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Parietal Lobe – Cortical Regions
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Somatosensory Cortex
• Processing of tactile, temperature, nociceptive (pain), and proprioceptive (spatial) information
• Neurons are also organized according to the type of sensation to which they respond (i.e. pressure, temperature, pain)
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Somatosensory Homunculus
• This model shows what a man's body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its sensory perception
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Parietal Lobe – Other Cortical Regions
• Somatosensory Association Cortex• Assists with integration/interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space (kinesthetic awareness) and hand-eye coordination
• Primary Gustatory Cortex• Primary site of interpretation of gustation/taste
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Occipital Lobe
• The occipital lobe is located deep to the occipital bone of the skull
• Functions:• Processing, integration, interpretation of vision and visual stimuli
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Primary Visual Cortex
Visual Association Area
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Occipital Lobe – Cortical Regions
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Occipital Lobe – Cortical Regions• Primary Visual Cortex
• Primary area of brain responsible for sight.• Receives information via the optic nerve
• Visual Association Area• Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex
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Temporal Lobe
• The temporal lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the temporal bones of the skull
• Functions:• Hearing• Organization/ comprehension of language
• Information retrieval (memory and memory retrieval)
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Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernike’s Area
Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep)Conducted from Olfactory Bulb
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Temporal Lobe-
Cortical Regions
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Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions• Primary Auditory Cortex
• Responsible for hearing • Primary Olfactory Cortex
• Interprets the sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via the olfactory bulbs
• Wernicke’s Area• Located on the left temporal lobe• Language comprehension
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Cerebellum
• “Little brain”, located inferior
to the cerebrum• Functions:
• Motor control – doesn’t originate movement (i.e. primary motor cortex) but contributes to motor programs
• Attention & language (?)• Regulating fear and pleasure responses (?)
• Composed of highly regularly arranged Purkinje cells (large neurons with many dendritic spines) and Granule cells (small neurons)
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Brainstem
• The posterior region of the brain• Continuous tissue with the spinal column• All information relayed between the body and brain must pass through the brainstem
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Segments of Brainstem
• The brainstem is composed of three segments:• Medulla oblongata• Pons• Midbrain
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Medulla Oblongata
• Lower half of the brainstem• Contains autonomic centers re:
• Cardiac function• Respiratory function• Vomiting• Vasomotor
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Pons
• Relay action potentials from the forebrain to the cerebellum
• Deals primarily with:
• Sleep• Respiration• Swallowing• Bladder
control• Hearing• Posture
• Equilibrium• Taste• Eye movement• Facial expressions • Facial sensation
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Midbrain
• Located superior to the pons• Associated with:
• Vision• Hearing• Motor Control• Sleep/awake• Arousal (alertness)• Temperature regulation
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Limbic System
• Associated with higher order behaviors• Hippocampus: corticosteroid production, spatial relations; long term memory
• Amygdala: reward, fear, mating, response to stress• Limbic cortex: judgment, insight, motivation, mood, • Fornix: relay signals from hippocampus to hypothalamus