Download - Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
1/8
/n
ths
ssue:-
a
cHuA
I
cBaAr/A
a nloMaol/A
a rUBKEY
l PH///PPhVES
AND
nnoBE....
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
2/8
The
/nternatbna/
Ca
er
Magazne
Number
Thirteen
1 995
CONTENTS
Editorial
ln Memory
of
VIadimir
Kisseljov
-
A/exander
Klmchouk
The
Pothole
System
Lukina
jama-Trojama,
Croatia
-
V/ado
Bosic
Grotte
Chauvet
: a Stone
Age
masterpiece
AGUJ
'94
:
In
the
depths
of
Mongola
-
Peter Ho/ubek
China
Caves'94
: Guangxi
and Guizhou
provinces
-
Bobero
Zorz/h
& S/rano
lle/orri
Caving
in
the
Philippines
-
Martn Foakes
Hydrological
&
Speleological
investigations
in
the
Central
and
Western
Taurus,
Turkey
-
Saro
Bugg?ri
Reviews
The Caving
Scene
: the
latest lnternatlonal
News
Gear
Review
-
Firefly
2
Photo
Slave Unit
Coerphotographs
;
Fronl
-
Fiecncker
Passagq
B/ack
Bock
Crre
Sanwak
(Jery
l/l/oo/dr;dge)
Back
-
Grua
do
Jane/aq
L,lnas
Geraa
Braz/ (Tony
Wa/ham)
2
3
5
10
11
17
26
29
35
36
38
42
The lnternational
Caver
Magazine
Pub/shed
4
tmes
per
annum.
/sslv 0963-7095
@
Copyright
1995
No
articles,
maps,
reports,
or
photographs
may
be reproduced
wihoul he
express
permission
o'
lhe
author
and/or the
Edilor.
Published
by
Aven
lnternational
Publications,
Shaftesbury
Centre,
Percy Street,
Swindon
SN2
2AZ,
England,
U.K.
Tel.
+44
(0)1793
828236
Fax.
+44
(0)1793
512477
EDITOR
:TlM
STRATFORD
Reprographics
:
Scanplan,
Swindon,
U.K.
Tel. 01793 541222
Origin, Swansea,
U.K.
Tel.
01792774794
Prining
:
EJW
Print, Swindon,
UK.
Tel.01793 533466
TRANSLATIONS :
Thomas Knoell, Maurizio
Ruggieri,
Pierre
sartre,
and
carlos
puch
REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES :
speleo Proiects, Theniler-
slrasse
43,
1054
Basel,
Swilzerland
;
Spelunca
Ljbrairie, Le
Devenson
B,
Allee
des
Pins, 13OO9
Marseille,
France;J-M.Matllet,243
Chaussee de
Haecht, 1030 Bruxelles, Belgium
;
Alexander Klimchouk,
P.O.Box 224'18,
Kiev-30,
25203O Ukaine
(lor
ClS countries).
Annual
Subscriion
Rates
(4
issues) :-
United
Kngdom
Q13.70 Europe t'l5.70
(airmail)
America &Canada
fl5.70
(surface)
Q21.10
(airmail)
Auslralia
&
New
Zealand
f15.70 (surface) t22.90
(airmail)
Japan &the Far East t15.70
(surface)
f22.90
(airmail)
Res o| lhe
wodd Q15.7O
(surface)
Q2-|.10
(airmail)
Subcriptions should
be
sent
lo
lC Subscripions,
Aven
Publications,
Shaflesbury Cenre,
Percy Street, Swindon SN2 2AZ, England, U.K. or
phone
(44) (0)1793
828236
whh
your
Maslercard
or
Visa credil card delails.
Tle
Intenatbnal
Cavet
(13)
1995
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
3/8
/lydro
hgca
/ a
n
d .fpeleo
/ogrica
/
/n
etga
tion
in
t/e
Central
&
Western Taurus
Written by
Saro
Ruggieri
The author
descrjbes
expJoration
and
research
carrjed
out
in
the
Taurus
Mountains
of southern
Turkey
by
a
smaJ-l
grroup
of
rta-Ijan
cavers.
They
extended
the
IularaspoJi
cave,by
around
350
metre,g,
more than
doubJingr
its Jengrth.
Potentja]
for
further
extensions
-1ooks
qrood.
They
a-lso
carrjed
out
a.br'ef
inves tigra
tjon
of
the
Kepez
-
An ta
Jya
hydroJ
ogr,' cal
sys
tem.
Phrea
tb
ga//ery
in
the
Vanspo// a
ye,
Emenek,
rurkey,
Turkey
29
le
Intenatbnal
Caver
(B)
]995
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
4/8
Hydrologica| and
Speleological
lnvestigations
in
the
Central
&
Western Taurus,
TURKEY. 27-32
lntroduction
These
are the
results
of
an
expedition
to
southern
Turkey
by
the
Italian
club G.G.Ragusa
following
an
invitation fron Dr.Temucin Aygen,
geologist
and
founder
ofthe
Turkish
Speleological
Society.
The
expedition
had
the
following
aims :-
(1)
The
documentation
of the
Kepez-Antalya
hydrogeological
system, in
order to
prepare
a
speleological
research nission,
(2)
the
exploration
of
the
cave system of
Maraspoli,
and
(3)
cave
research
on
the
Guney
Yurt-Ennenek
plateau
situated above
the
Maraspoli
cave.
Hydrochemical
and
geostnctural studies
were
carried out in
these areas.
Kepez-Antalya Hydrogeologica
System
This hydrological
systen
stretches
for
about
50 km
from
the
Taurus
Mountains
to the sea and
is
an
exhaustive
example
of
hydrokarst circulation.
It
is also
of
fundanrental
importance, due
to
its
morphological
conrpleteness,
in
the comprehension
of
morphodynamic
rrechanisms
existing
in
karst
rrassifs.
Guided by
Temucin,
we
explored
this
systen
with
the intention
of discovering
its
possible
access
points.
Our
first stop
was
at
about 30
kn
fron
Antalya,
near
the
road from Burdur,
where
two big
springs,
Kirkgozler and
Pinarbasi,
drain
waters
frorr
the
Taurus
and
fonrrs
two
lakes.
Cave
diving
explorations, conducted
in
the
forner
spring, have
revealed the existence
of
karst
conduits
of
great
nterest.
The
waters of
the above
nrentioned
springs,
after a
short stretch
on
the
surface,
disappear
into
the
Biyikli
sinkholes,
second
stop
on
our
cxcursion.
Because
of
thc dry
season
there was
no
water at the
bottonr
of
the
sinkholes
and we
could
have
attenpted
their exploration.
Unfortunately
however,
because
of
our
previously
established
prograrrtne,
there
was
only
tinre to
have
a brief
look
at
thc
underground
passagcs.
Next, covering
about
14 kr,
we
noved
on
to
thc Varsak depression,
a
largc
karst
doline,
where
the
watcrs
coring
frorr the
Biyikli
sinkholcs
emerge.
We climbed down
into the
doline,lhrough a
steep
passage
anongst
collapsed
rocks, where
we
reached
an
underground
lake. Here,
the
watcr was
so
clcar
that
we
wcre able to sec
the
passage
continuing
underwater.
There were
also
a
good
number
of
fish
swirrring
in
the
lake.
After
exploring
the
underground
lake
as
far
as
we
could,
rve
rade
for Ddenbasi,
a
spectacular
park
on the
outskirts
of
Antalya,
wherc the water
fron
the
Varsak
cave,
aftcr 2 kn undcrgrourd,
el]erges
through
siphons
undcr
pressure.
The
last
30
Tle
[nternatnnal Caver
(13)
1995
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
5/8
Hydrological
and Speleological
lnvestigations in
the Cenral
&
Western Taurus, TURKEY, 27-32
Representative
Sketch
of
the Kepez
Karstic
System.
snkhole
Varsak collapse
I
Krkgzier
Regulator
resurgence
(swamp
marsh)
Underground
flow
Ddenba
Falls
and
vauclusian source
Dden
falls
i
Pnarba
resurgence
stop of
our
joumey
was
the
Medterranean coast
in
the eastern
sector
of
Antalya, where
the
Taurus
waters
rejon the
sea
via
a
spectacular
waterfall close
on
40
m in
height.
Maraspoli
Cave
Our
team
then
moved on to the
vllage of
Ermeneh
located about
275
km
southeast
of
Konya
at
the
foot
of
the central
Taurus
chain.
we
intended
to explore the
Maraspoli
cave
which
had been
partially
explored
for
the
first
time
in
1955
by
Temucin
himself.
At
that
time the cave
had
been
explored
for
15
consecutive
days
but was stopped
when
the
explorers
reached
a siphon
with a
large
amount
of
water
gushing from
it.
In 1935,
a
hydro-electric
plant
had been built
to
exploit
the
power
of
the underground
river.
Since
then,
this
cave
has
been
the
main source
of life
for
the
whole
village, supplying
drinkable
water
and
feeding a
number of other
springs
in the
neighbourhood,
as
well
as
supplying electricity.
Our
aim therefore
was
the
further
exploration
of
the
underground
river, which
in the dry season
outputs
500 l/s,
and the
study of the
hydrogeology
and
hydrodynamics
of the
system.
We entered
the
cave through
an artificial
gallery
built
to
intercept the
water and after
300
netres we
arrived
at a
platfonn
beyond
which
the
river
continued.
An
iron
staircase
goes
up
from
the
platform
into the
fossil series
which
we
explored
first.
This
consists
of some
large
rooms
in
an
advanced stage
of fossilisation. They
were
originally
linked by
a
vertical
pit
to an
upper
level of
galleries
which
connected
with
the surface
above the
cave.
Unfortunately the accidental death of a child, who
fell
down
the
pit,
led
to
its
closure
and thc
consequent
intemrption
between the upper
fossil
level
and the underlying active
levels.
Having
explored
the fossil
part
of the
cave,
we
v/ent down
into
the
river
and
explored
upslreanr
in
our rubber boats.
After
following
a
neander
shaped
gallery
for
about 300
n
the
siphon
barred
the way. However, by
climbing above
the
siphor,
we found
a
way to bypass
this
obstacle and
found
our
way
back to the
river
on the other side. We
passed
through
a
further
200
n
of collapsed
rootns
and
river
chambers until we
arrived at a
lake
with a
high
waterfall
on the other
side.
We
got
to
the top of
the
fall
by
a
Tyrolean
traverse and
continued
upstream
as
far
as a
large room
which
we reached
by climbing.
Fig.Z.
Geognphic
pstbn
ol the
/Vui-Ermenek-
S/fke basn.
.rd.ml.
K
A
l
l
o 25
o
t==_
AxOENlz
(Mcdii.r.on.dn)
The Intenatbnal
Ca,er
(/3)
.1995
31
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
6/8
Hydrological
and
Speleological
lnvestigations
in
the Central &
Western
Taurus,
TURKEY. 27-32
During the
following
days we
explored
this
room,
called
"The Kaos
Room"
because
of
the
big
collapsed
rocks
which
were
scattered
everywhere.
On the
far
side
we
found
the
river
again and
ascended
it for
about 500
m,
crossing both
collapsed
rooms
and
richly
decorated chambers
linked
to
phreatic
galleries.
Our exploration,
compared
with
that of
Temucin,
permitted
us to
go
beyond two
siphons
because of
the
particularly
dry
season,
and
allowed
us
to extend the cave
by
about 600
m. An
almost
completely
flooded
conduit,
through
which
we
were
just
able to
see
the
continuation
of
the
cave, stopped
our
exploration.
Guney
Yurt-Ermenek Plateau
As
we were unable to go any further
in
Maraspoli
(not
having
taken
our
diving
equipment
with
us), we
shifted our
attention to the
plateau
located above the cave.
We
hoped
that
we might
be
able to
re-enter the
system via some
pits
which the
locals
had
indicated
to
us.
Karst morphologies
are
the
predominant
onos on the
plateau
and the
landscape
shows
a
continuous
series
of
depressions
alternating
with
zones
of
relief.
After an
hour's
walk
we arrived at the
"pit
of
Birds", a
karst
sinkhole
which unfortunately was
completely choked
at -15 m.
We
then
took
geostructural measurements
of
the
main
directions
of
the
fractures
along
a
rocky
slope
not far
from
the
sinkhole.
we wanted to obtain some information
about
the system
of discontinuity existing
in
this
sector
of
the
Taurus.
The
exploration
of
the
plateau
continued
during the
following
days but
without
great
success.
We
explored another
pit
called
the
"Pit
of Snow",
situated
in
the
eastern
part
of
the
plateau
which
is
characterised
by
a
fluvial karst
morphology and
dolines, but again
it
was
choked
at
the bottom.
Geology and
Hydrogeology
The
sector
in
which
our
research was
led
is
part
of
the Mut-Ermenek-Silifke
basin
located in
the
central
part
of the
Taurus
(KORKMANZ
& GEDIK
1990).
Both
Mesozoic
and
Paleozoic units
as
well
as
Tertary
sedmentary rocks
emerge
n
ths area.
These
lithological units are
made
up
as
follows
from
bottom to
top
:
-
Ordovician
metamorphic
shists
-
silurian
black
shale
-
Devonian
limestone
shale
-
Jurassic
dolomite
limestone
-
Ophiolitic
melange
-
Eocene sandstone
and
marl
-
Miocene
sandstone
-
Miocene
limestone,
marl and shale
The
Guney
Yurt-Ermenek
plateau
is
nainly
formed
by
a series
of
limestones and calcarenite in
beds
of about
100
m
in thickness
lying
above
marl-calcareous and
marl
strata.
The
carbonate series
belongs to the upper series
of
the above
listed
Miocene basin.
The
limestone-marl
contact
is
made
evident
by
a
clear change in
the
incline
of
the slopes,
caused
Beyond
the sphon
in
the
/ower
actye
pal
ol
the
/Varaspo/icaye
al
Ermenek
Pholo:
S.Buggbri
32
Tle
Inte,naubnal
Ccver
(13)
/995
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
7/8
Hydrological
and Speleological
lnvestigations
in
the
Central & Western
Taurus, TURKEY.
27-32
R
o
o
z
o
.9
_o
E
(
o)
()
q,
q
(
o
=
)
(d
(E
q
(,
Cn
E
6
=F
-Y
-l(l)
^r C
XP
CJ)
t
E
=
JJ
le Intelnatbnal
Caver
(13)
1995
-
7/21/2019 Hydrological and Speleological Investiga
8/8
Hydrologial and Speleological
lnvestigations
in
the Central &
Western Taurus,
TURKEY. 27-32
by the
differential
erosion by exogenous
agents
such
as
water, wind,
temperature and so
on.
The
resulting
predonrinant
landscape
facing
the
valley
depressions
is therefore
nade up by
impressive, fractured
and
eroded,
rocky
calcareous slopes with,
at
its
base,
less
steep
inclines
formed
from detritic
material.
The higher
parts
of the
plateau,
at altitudes
varying
between
1700 and
1850
m above
sea
level,
shows
a
landscape characterised by
karst
and
fluvial-karst
morphologies.
The
bottom
level
of
karst
erosion
coincides
with the underground
river in
Maraspoli
i.e.
at an
altitude
of
1300
m
above sea
level.
At
this
sane
level
the
Miocene
marls
are
found
and these
act as an
inpermeable
bed.
The
difference
of about 500
m in
altitude between
the
river
and
is
recharge
areas
in
the upper
part
of
the
hydrogeographical basin
point
to the
possible
existence
of
further
fossil
phreatic
and
vadose
passages
waiting to be explored.
The lowest
level
of
fossil
galleries,
which can
still
be
crossed
and
are
linked
to
the
river,
are at an
altitude
of about
1370 nr i.e.
70
n
above the
artificial
entrance
of the
gallery
built to
intercept
the
water.
Our
search
for
entrances, situated
at
altitudes
between
1700 and
1800 nr,
and the subsequent
exploration of
the
pits
found, was undertaken
in the
hope
of
reaching
the
Maraspoli
cave
via
vadose
and
fossil
galleries
located
higher
than
the
present
active
level
of the cave.
we
were
unsuccessful
however
and
our
very
short stay
did
not
allow
us to organise
clearing work in
the
choked
pits.
The large
flow
of the
river
(more
than 500
litres
per
second)
shows the
capacity of
a
very
large
hydrological
basin,
probably
a basin
much
larger
than the one
to which
it
belongs.
our
next
explorations,
which
will
take
place
both
inside
@eyond
the
siphon)
and outside on
the
plateau
clearing the
pits,
will certainly
increase
our
knowledge
of
this complex
hydro-karst
systen.
The Maraspoli cave, with
its new
passages
explored
during
our
expedition, is
only
the
tip of
the
iceberg
and
nany
more
passages
wait
to
be
explored.
Saro
Ruggieri
Centro
lbleo di
Ricerche
Speleo-Idrogeologiche
Via
Carducci
165
97100
Ragusa
ltaly
CAI//IVG
F//l/S*
nor
aalab/e
on
l/HS
wveo
caseite
from
trte
lc,Bookstore
HOLLOW
MOUNTAN OF
MULU
(Ghnrcaves
n
lhe
/L/u/u
Nallbna/
Par&,Saraaak) Q17.00
DROWNED RVER
OF DRACOS
(Cae
diung
n
Greece)
[17.00
CAVES OF
GLASS
(/ce
caes
in
Austra)
tl7.00
FORBDDEN
SECRETS
OF
CGALERE
(Seventh
Heayen n
France9
Ca/ere cave)
117.00
OTTER
HOLE
(One
ol Great
BrIah9 nbeslcaves) t17.00
MAN BLONG
HOLE BLONG
STONE
(Cavng n
Papua New
Gunea)
t17.00
THE UNDERGROUND
E|GER
(Epb
cave
dhing
in
Grear
Brafl 17.00
WAKULLA SPRNGS
(Cave
dvhg
n ihe USA) [15.00
+
WOOKEY:THE
BOTTOM
OF
BR|TAIN
(Cave
diung
n
Bram9
most lamous
cae)
t15.0O
+
Aerage
running
lime 50
mnules
Prbes
quo
led
are
lor
s
landard
PA
L
lorma
t
Olher
lorma
ls
ava/ab/a
excepl
where
marked
+
,
nc/udhg
SECAWand
VTSC
lor
an addilbna/
cos
of
t2
per
fi/m,
Poslage &
packhg
add
t2
per
/7m
*
fiIms
made
by
Sid
Perou
or
Leo
Dickenson
Write
or
phone
your
order to
:-
l.C.Bookstore,
Aven
Publications,
Shafesbury
Centre,
Percy
Street,
Swindon
SN2
2AZ, U.K.
re|
+44
(0)1793
828236
34
Tle
Inte,rnatbnal
Cauer
(13)
1995