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Hydrogen and ammonia technologiesfor zero-emission vesselsAnders Ødegård, SINTEF
Technology for a better society
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SINTEF covers the whole H2 value chain
Technology for a better society
Materials development
& Characterization
Cell components &
production processesPerformance evaluation &
Lifetime predictions Module and Control System
Co Ni
H2 production IntegrationCircular Economy &
RecyclingFeasibility Studies
Multiscale modelling (from nano-scale to system level)
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• World-class infrastructure for • Hydrogen/Battery technology
development• Testing of hydrogen/battery (hybrid)
systems• High temperature fuel cells also for NH3
• Open access (only operation cost)
• Close collaboration with industry
• International collaboration
• Financial support from:
Laboratories and test facilities
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Advantages by using H2/NH3 & fuel cells
Technology for a better society
• Flexible in choice of fuels
• Modular and replaceable components
• System optimisation exploits technologies' advantages
• Retrofitting possible
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Fuels and energy densities
Technology for a better society
• Conventional fossil fuels
Batteries
US Department of Energy (https://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage)
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Fuels and energy densities
Technology for a better society
• Conventional fossil fuels
• Hydrogen in various states, incl system
Batteries
US Department of Energy (https://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage)
System
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Fuels and energy densities
Technology for a better society
• Conventional fossil fuels
• Hydrogen in various states, incl system
• Liquid ammonia• Volumetric advantage
Batteries
US Department of Energy (https://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage)
System
Liquid Ammonia
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Types of fuel cells
Technology for a better societyTechnology for a better society
Fuel cell type ElectrolyteOperating
temp.El. efficiency
(LHV)Total
efficiencyTypical stack
sizeAdvantages Challenges
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic acid
< 120 °C 50-60% 80-85% <1-100 kW
• Mature• Low temperature simplifies
BoP• Quick start-up and load
regulation
• Expensive catalysts• Sensitive to impurities in air
and fuel
Alkaline (AFC)
Aqueous potassium hydroxide in porous matrix, or alkaline
polymer membrane (APM)
<100°C 50-60% 1-100 kW
• Low cost• Low temperature simplifies
BoP• Quick start-up • Good cycling stability
• Sensitive to CO2 in fuel and air• Challenging electrolyte
management (KOH)• APM-type has poor electrolyte
conductivity
Phosphoric acid (PAFC)
Phosphoric acid in porous matrix or
imbibed in polymer membrane
150-200°C 40% 90% 5-400 kW• Higher tolerance for fuel
impurities• Long lifetime
• Expensive catalyst• Long start-up time• Sulphur sensitivity
Molten Carbonate (MCFC)
Molten lithium, sodium and/or
potassium carbonate in porous matrix
600-700°C 50% 85%300 kW – 3
MW
• Fuel flexibility and tolerance towards impurities
• High temperature heat available for CHP
• Long lifetime
• High temperature degradation of components
• Long start up time• Low power density• Limited tolerance towards
thermal cycling
Solid oxide (SOFC)
Yttria stabilized zirconia
500-1000°C 60% 90 -95% 1 kW – 2 MW
• Fuel flexibility and tolerance towards impurities
• High temperature heat available for CHP
• Solid electrolyte
• High temperature degradation of components
• Long start up time• Limited tolerance towards
thermal cycling
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Types of fuel cells
Technology for a better societyTechnology for a better society
Fuel cell type ElectrolyteOperating
temp.El. efficiency
(LHV)Total
efficiencyTypical stack
sizeAdvantages Challenges
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic acid
< 120 °C 50-60% 80-85% <1-100 kW
• Mature• Low temperature simplifies
BoP• Quick start-up and load
regulation
• Expensive catalysts• Sensitive to impurities in air
and fuel
Alkaline (AFC)
Aqueous potassium hydroxide in porous matrix, or alkaline
polymer membrane (APM)
<100°C 50-60% 1-100 kW
• Low cost• Low temperature simplifies
BoP• Quick start-up • Good cycling stability
• Sensitive to CO2 in fuel and air• Challenging electrolyte
management (KOH)• APM-type has poor electrolyte
conductivity
Phosphoric acid (PAFC)
Phosphoric acid in porous matrix or
imbibed in polymer membrane
150-200°C 40% 90% 5-400 kW• Higher tolerance for fuel
impurities• Long lifetime
• Expensive catalyst• Long start-up time• Sulphur sensitivity
Molten Carbonate (MCFC)
Molten lithium, sodium and/or
potassium carbonate in porous matrix
600-700°C 50% 85%300 kW – 3
MW
• Fuel flexibility and tolerance towards impurities
• High temperature heat available for CHP
• Long lifetime
• High temperature degradation of components
• Long start up time• Low power density• Limited tolerance towards
thermal cycling
Solid oxide (SOFC)
Yttria stabilized zirconia
500-1000°C 60% 90 -95% 1 kW – 2 MW
• Fuel flexibility and tolerance towards impurities
• High temperature heat available for CHP
• Solid electrolyte
• High temperature degradation of components
• Long start up time• Limited tolerance towards
thermal cycling
Direct hydrogen, or NH3 + cracker
Direct ammonia
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Several suppliers of fuel cell technologies
Technology for a better society
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Several suppliers of fuel cell technologies
Technology for a better society
Suiteable, commercialNH3 crackers missing!!!
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Example H2/NH3 maritime projects
Technology for a better society
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HyOpt calculation example13
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Challenges for hydrogen & ammonia
Technology for a better society
• High risk for early movers• Choice of technology and costs
• High cost and low availablity of fuels
• Further technology development required• Storage systems
• Ammonia cracker
• …
• Regulations, codes and standards; • Int'l cooperation and harmonisation
• Need for better understanding of safety related aspects
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Technology for a better society