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HydrocarbonsGrade 10
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Organic Chemistry
•Is the study of carbon-containing compounds except carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbonates.
•What is made from organic materials?
–All living organisms.
–All petroleum products.
–Most drugs and medicines.
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Hydrocarbons
•Hydrocarbons are organic substances that are made up of carbon and hydrogen only.
•Which of the following is/are hydrocarbon?
CH4 C2H5OH CO2 C6H6
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Alkanes
•Alkanes are hydrocarbons obtained directly from crude oil.
•Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with a general formula CnH2n+2
•Saturated means :–the molecule has no C=C double bonds, –only carbon-carbon single bonds–the maximum number of atoms .– no atoms can add to it.
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Finding the general formula of Alkanes
•The general formula is Cn H2n+2
•n is the number of carbon atoms.
•For n=1 C1H2(1)+2 CH4
•For n=2 C2H2(2)+2 C2H6
•For n=3 C3H2(3)+2 C3H8
•For n=4 C4H2(4)+2 C4H10
•For n=5 C5H2(5)+2 C5H12
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Objective 3.1
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Homologous series
•A homologous series is a family of compounds which has :
Same general formula. Similar chemical properties Successive members differ by CH2 Gradual change in their physical properties melting/boiling points, solubility etc.
Alkanes belong to the same homologous series.
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Naming alkanes
•The name of the alkane starts with a part that indicates the number of carbon atom and ends with –ane
•When n=1 meth+ane = methane
•When n=2 eth+ane = ethane
•When n=3 prop+ane= propane
•When n=4 but+ane = butane
•When n=5 pent+ane= pentane
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Structural formula
Is the structure that shows all the bonds in the molecule.
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Drawing alkanes
•Only the bonding pairs between atoms are shown.
•A bond is represented by a small line.
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Structures of alkanes
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
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Alkenes
•These are obtained from the cracking of alkanes.
•They are unsaturated hydrocarbons
•They form a homologous series with a general formula CnH2n
•Unsaturated means :–the molecule has C=C double bonds.– we can add atoms to it.
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Finding the general formula of Alkenes
•The general formula is Cn H2n
•n is the number of carbon atoms.
•For n=1 C1H2(1) CH2 NOT FOUND
•For n=2 C2H2(2) C2H4
•For n=3 C3H2(3) C3H6
•For n=4 C4H2(4) C4H8
•For n=5 C5H2(5) C5H10
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Naming alkenes
•The name of the alkene starts with a part that indicates the number of carbon atom and ends with –ene
•When n=1 meth+ene = methene
•When n=2 eth+ene = ethene
•When n=3 prop+ene= propene
•When n=4 but+ene = butene
•When n=5 pent+ene= pentene
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Structures of alkanes
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
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Differentiating alkanes from alkenes
Br2
Add bromine water (brown colour) to the test tubes.
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The colour will disappear in one tube only.Which tube is it?
Differentiating alkanes from alkenes
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•Keep in mind that the brown colour is due to the presence of Br-Br.
.When Bromine is added to an alkene, the Br-Br bond will break and the double bond in the alkene will break too.
.An addition reaction will occur and the product formed will not contain Br-Br.
.This means the brown colour will disappear.
Differentiating alkanes from alkenes