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HVACR116 – Trade Skills
Construction Sequence
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Introduction
• Construction industry:o Employs about 15% of working people in the U.S. and Canadao More than 60% are involved in new construction
• Classifications of construction: o Residential o Commercialo Industrialo Civil
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Introduction (cont’d.)
• Residential construction:o Single family homeso Small apartment buildingso Condominiums
Figure 1–1(A). Residential construction.
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Introduction (cont’d.)
• Commercial construction:o Office and apartment
buildingso Hotelso Storeso Shopping centerso Other large buildings
Figure 1–1(B). Commercial construction.
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Introduction (cont’d.)
• Industrial construction:o Refinerieso Paper millso Structures other than
buildings
Figure 1–1(C). Industrial construction. Delta Energy Center, water treatment tanks and buildings in the foreground. Courtesy of Bechtel Corporation. Photographer: Terry Lowenthal. Used by
permission.
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Introduction (cont’d.)
• Civil construction:o Highwayso Bridgeso Airportso Dams
Figure 1-1(D). Civil construction. At 726 feet, Hover Dam is the highest dam in the United States. Courtesy of Bechtel Corporation. Photographer: Ray Frayne. Used by permission.
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The Design Process
• Owner:o Has definite ideas, but may not be an experto Contracts the architect
• Architect:o Combines construction knowledge with artistic abilityo Designs buildings for appearance
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The Design Process (cont’d.)
• Architect (cont’d.):o Helps determine:
Space needed Rooms needed Building type Cost
o Makes sketches describing the building before preparing the final drawings.
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The Design Process (cont’d.)
Figure 1–2. Balloon sketch of Duplex. Figure 1–3. Straight line sketch of Duplex.
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The Design Process (cont’d.)
• Before details are finalized, other professionals become involvedo Building codes specify
requirements International Code Council
publishes several model codes
Figure 1-4. 2006 International Residential Code® for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
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The Design Process (cont’d.)
• Local building code:o Often based on a model code.o Administered by local government building department
Reviews plans before construction Inspects throughout construction
• Zoning laws:o Divides community into zones where only certain types of
buildings are permitted
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The Design Process (cont’d.)
• Building departments usually require specific procedures to be followedo Building permit
Notifies building department of planned constructiono Certificate of occupancy
Issued when complete construction is approved
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Starting Construction
• Financing:o Begins after deciding on final design o Most common form for a home is through a mortgage
• After financing is obtained, a contractor is hiredo Responsible for overall project completiono Hires subcontractors to complete individual parts of the
project
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HVACR116 – Trade Skills
Views of Drawings
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Starting Construction (cont’d.)
Figure 1–6. Design and construction team.
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Isometric Drawings
• Vertical lines are drawn vertically• Horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of 30° from
horizontal
Figure 2–1. Isometric of building.
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Isometric Drawings (cont’d.)
• All lines on isometric axes are drawn in proportion to actual lengtho Tend to look out of proportion because we see objects appear
smaller as they get farther away
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Figure 2–2. Single-line plumbing isometric.
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Figure 2–3. Sketching an isometric brick.
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Figure 2–4. Variations on the isometric brick.
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Oblique Drawings
• Used when an irregular shape is to be shown• The most irregular surface is drawn in proportion
o As though it were flat against the drawing surface• Parallel lines are added to show depth
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Oblique Drawings (cont’d.)
Figure 2–5. Oblique drawing.
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Orthographic Projection
• Imagine the object drawn inside a glass boxo Corners and lines representing object edges are projected onto
box sideso If box is unfolded, images projected onto its sides will be on a
single plane, as on a sheet of papero Each view of an object shows only one side
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Orthographic Projection (cont’d.)
Figure 2–6. Duplex inside a glass box; method of orthographic projection of roof, front side, and end.
Figure 2–7. Orthographic projection unfolded on a flat sheet of paper.
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Orthographic Projection (cont’d.)
• All surfaces parallel to plane of projection are shown in proportion to actual size and shapeo Surfaces not parallel are not shown in proportion
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Orthographic Projection (cont’d.)
Figure 2–8. Views of two shed roofs.
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Orthographic Projection (cont’d.)
• Construction drawings views:o Plan view shows layout of object viewed from above
Buildings floor layout and foundationo Elevation drawings show height
What would be seen standing in front of a house
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Orthographic Projection (cont’d.)
Figure 2–9. Plan view. Figure 2–10. Building elevation.
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Orthographic Projection (cont’d.)
• Construction drawings views (cont’d.):o Section view shows what would be exposed if a cut were made
through the object Floor plan
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Orthographic Projection (cont’d.)
Figure 2–12. A floor plan is actually a section view of the building. (a) An imaginary cut is made at a level that passes through all windows and doors. (b) The floor plan shows what is left when the top is removed.