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Human Reproduction
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Male Reproductive System
• The male sex cell is a sperm cell
• The whole purpose is to produce and deliver sperm to the egg
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Structure of a Human Sperm Cell
• Streamlined, built to move
• Consists of a three parts
• Head: contains the haploid nucleus with 23 chromosomes – At the front of the head is an entry capsule packed
with chemicals that allow the sperm cell to enter the egg
• Middle: packed with mitochondria which provide the sperm with energy
• Tail (flagellum): propels the sperm
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Sex Characteristics
• Human biological males have both primary and secondary sex characteristics
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Primary Characteristics
• You are born with these
• They include your reproductive organs
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Secondary Characteristics
• Develop at puberty
• Puberty: The period of development where a person becomes sexually mature and able to reproduce
• In males this occurs between 11 and 13 until around 18
• This occurs when testosterone is produced
• Examples
– Deep voice
– Body and facial hair
– Muscle development
– Growth spurt
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Where are Sperm Produced?
• Two testes enclosed in a protective sac (scrotum)
• Sperm start Diploid and divide to Haploid cellsduring meiosis
• This happens in the seminiferous tubules
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Sperm!• The sperm cells move to
the epididymis to mature for about 65-75days
• Males produce 300 million sperm every day!!!!
• Testes produce and nourish the developing sperm and also produce testosterone
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Male Accessory Glands
• In order to swim sperm cells need fluid as well as nutrients to provide energy
• The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands are accessory glands that secrete seminal fluid (Remember SPC)
• Seminal fluid provides sugar for energy, protects the sperm from the acidic female reproductive tract and provides fluid for swimming
• The sperm and the seminal fluid together make up Semen
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Sperm Production and Development
• Sperm cells start out as diploid cells on the inside surface of a seminiferous tubule
• They then undergo meiosis to become haploid cells
• In order to develop into sperm they need lots of nutrients (special support cells)
• When the sperm cells are almost mature they have reached the center of the tubule
• They then move to the epididymis where they finish maturing
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• Sperm cells have a short life cycle – It takes 65-75 days for a sperm cell to mature
– Each day 200-300 million sperm are produced each day
– Only one sperm fertilizes the egg but millions die on the way
– Sperm that is not released die with a few days and are broken down by white blood cells
– Number of sperm produced decreases with age
– Only Mature sperm can fertilize and egg
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What happens to sperm cells that are not used?
• They die within a few days by white blood cells
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Name the structures of the male system that
sperm does not go through but are very important.
Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland and
Cowper’s gland
Called Accessory Glands
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Describe the composition and importance of semen
• Sperm and seminal fluid have sugar which is energy for sperm
• It also protects from acidity and is liquid medium for sperm cells to swim!
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Why do you think the male testes are outside the body?
• To keep the testes cool! (this increases sperm production)
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Path of Sperm
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproduction System
• The female sex cell is the egg
• Purpose of the female reproductive system is the nurture the egg from fertilization to birth
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Sex Characteristics
• Biological females have both primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Primary characteristics include the female reproductiveorgans
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Secondary Characteristics
• Develops during puberty
• Puberty: between 10 and 12
– occurs when estrogen is produced
• Includes:
– Breast development
– Wider hips
– Underarm and pubic hair
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Egg Production and Development
• Human egg is also called an ovum and is much larger than sperm because it contains many nutrients that will be used once the egg is fertilized
• Has an outer barrier that prevents more than one sperm from entering
• Females have all sex cells at birth
– Over two million but break down over time leaving around 400,000 at puberty
– Once puberty begins a single egg matures and is released each month
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Egg Development
• Egg cells mature in the ovary (have 2)
• The immature eggs are contained in a follicle that contain cells that nourish and protect the developing eggs.
• The ovaries also produce the hormonesestrogen and progesterone
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Egg Development
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Menstrual Cycle
• Female reproductive cycle
• Begins at the onset of puberty
• Approx 28 days but can vary
• Also can change throughout a woman’s life
• Each cycle an egg matures and is released
– It is possible to have more than one released
• This repeats until menopause where the cycle stops (40-50 years old)
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Ovulation
• As follicle matures nutrient producing cells develop around the egg cell
• The cells will divide and form a nutrient rich cavity
• Once egg is mature it will burst through the wall of the ovary (ovulation)
• Empty follicle is called the corpus luteum which matures and produces estrogen and progesterone
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What is the menstrual cycle and how long does
it last?
• It is the reproductive cycle
• The shedding of the endometrium (the uterine lining)
• Lasts 28 days
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Define Menopause
• Halting of menstrual cycle: no more eggs are being produced
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When does ovulation
occur?
• Day 14
• HALF WAY through the 28 day cycle
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What is the corpus luteum?
• Results from empty follicle.
• As it matures it produces the hormones progesterone and estrogen
• These hormones stimulate the endometrium to develop in preparation for the fertilized egg
• Progesterone prevents other eggs from maturing if pregnant
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Menstruation vs Pregnancy
• If no sperm is present in the oviduct the egg continues to the uterus and is discharged out of the vagina.
• Menstruation is the
shedding of the
endometrium
• If the egg and sperm are present in the oviduct
then fertilization can occur
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Path of the egg• Following ovulation the egg is
propelled by finger like projections that surround the opening to the oviduct
• Oviduct (fallopian tube) is a tube that transports the egg to the uterus
• Wave like muscular contractions and tiny cilia move the egg through the oviduct
• The uterus retrieves the embryo if the egg is fertilized
• The lining of the uterus (endometrium) is rich in nutrients, blood vessels and mucus to provide nourishment for the embryo
• The cervix is the muscular opening between the uterus and the vagina
• The vagina receives the male penis and sperm during intercourse