Download - Human Geography AP Review
Human Geography AP ReviewImportant Concepts and People – Part 2
Migration - Movement• Cyclical
– To home and back; Commuting; Nomadism
– Activity Space• Periodic
– Longer periods of time; Migrant labor; Military
• Migration– Permanent relocation– Rural to Urban– International
Migration• Voluntary v.
Involuntary• Push/Pull Factors• Regions of dislocation
– SE Asia– SW Asia– Subsaharan Africa
• Refugees
Migration – Ravenstien’s Laws
• Most migrants move only a short distance– Step Migration– Intervening Opportunities
• Migrants that move greater distances tend to go to cities
• Migration flows produce counterflows– Sequent occupance
• Most international migrants are young males
Chain Migration
Link 1:
Immigrant arrives in new place
Link 2:
Encourages family and friends to come
Link 3:
Others in home community have place to go
Link 4:
New community is created in new land
Link 5:
Process reinforced in “virtuous cycle”
Culture
Pop Culture• Universal/Global• Dynamic• Mass produced• Commercial
Local Culture• Regional/Local• Slow to change• Locally consumed• Authentic
Urban• City-based• Ethnic
enclaves• Social groups
Rural (Folk)• Traditional• “Tribal”• Isolated
Culture Terms• Culture hearth
– Region where a cultural trait or innovation originates
• Culture trait– A single element or normal practice of a culture– Material; non-material– Artifacts; mentifacts
• Culture complex– A related set of cultural traits (e.g., ways of eating)
Culture Terms• Adoption
– Choosing to include a trait developed elsewhere in one’s own culture
• Appropriation– Adopting a cultural trait, but using it in the wrong context or
for the wrong purpose
• Assimilation– When one culture replaces another (e.g., Native Americans)
US Housing Styles
• Saltbox/Cape Cod– New England
• Colonial– Mid-Atlantic
• Tidewater– Southeast
• Ranch– West
Identity• Social Constructions
– Race• Discrimination; segregation
– Gender• Gendered-spaces
• Ethnicity– Ethnic enclaves
• Sexuality– Castro
Language
• Language v. Dialect– Cantonese v. American
English• Lingua Franca
– English in India• Creole
– Mixture of two languages - Haitian
• Pidgin– Rudimentary trade language
Language Families
• Proto-Language– Sub-Family
• Branch– Language
• Uralic– Finno-Ugric
• Ugric– Hungarian
• Indo-European• Uralic• Altaic• Sino-Tibetan• Afro-Asiatic• Niger-Congo• Austronesian
Religion - Types
• Monotheistic– Single supreme deity
• Polytheistic– Multiple deities
• Animistic– Spirits in natural world
• Universalizing– Actively seek converts– Open to all– Proselytize
• Ethnic religion– Focused on a particular
group or people
Religion & Space
Political Geography• Nation
– People with shared history and culture– The Kurds
• State– Defined territory; government; population– Brazil
• Nation-State– State & nation occupy same space– Japan
Richard Hartshorne (1950s)
• Forces at work that affect success of state
• Centripetal forces– Unify a state
• Centrifugal forces– Break a state apart
Immanuel Wallerstein (1987)• Capitalist World Systems
Theory• In a capitalist world you will
have three tiers of states:– Core
• Greater wealth; high technology
– Periphery• Poor; low technology
– Core exploits periphery
Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904)
• Organic Theory
• State is like an organism– Requires nourishment
to prolong existence
• Expand or die
Sir Halford Mackinder(1861-1947)
• Heartland Theory Land power is important, not sea power
• World Island– Eurasia
• Pivot Area– Heartland (Russia/Central
Asia)– Rimland (Europe/East Asia)